Weak knowledge of building control: January 2011

Saturday, January 29, 2011

College】【weak power of the emergency elevator --- Power By 【China】 weak home network.

either power failure or malfunction caused by accident elevator stopped their ladders, fire protection system or because a fire is reported to the elevator landing, gave great inconvenience caused by ladder personnel and even the frightened passengers. .To this end, the following procedures should be strictly implemented to ensure the safety of passengers. .1, when the fire control system to report a fire caused when the elevator stopped, fire staff on duty should be calm and quickly identify the location and number of alarm points, telephone notification of security personnel on duty Jifu Live View, but with the intercom to remind passengers to remain calm. .When the scene confirmed that the fire must immediately notify the management office of personnel fire fighting and rescue and stop the lift operation. .If the system false alarm, as soon as possible to troubleshoot and restore the normal operation of the elevator. .2, the sudden power outage caused by the elevator or escalator to stop running their own fault, fire duty officer through the intercom to tell passengers should not panic, not any part of the body outside the car stuck, and then immediately notify the Engineering Department staff, under the floor lamp .direction or open the outer door look carefully to determine the location of the car, leave the car trapped in the rescue, before the lift off the power failure, as the case according to the following steps to release the trapped passengers. .(1) car parked near the location of the entrance hall staircase waiting, and the higher or lower than the floor no more than 0.5 meters, with a special key to open the outside door outside door, while the slow force open the car door, help passengers to safely leave .car, then the outer door shut. .(2) car parked away from the location of the entrance hall staircase Hou, if the car door in a semi-closed state, should be completely closed or open it first, and then by manually turning the car close to flat layers, the outer door with a special .key to open the car door to rescue the trapped people, then the outer door shut. .(3) manual drive car, for at least two and one hold on disc wheels, the other forced open the brake, release the brake every time, turning once, for intermittent operation. .If the car stopped on the top or bottom of pending staircase position above or below the door, should release the brake disc at the same time hold the wheel tight, turning the car with a human in the right direction, so after the car is strictly prohibited Brake .self-moving car. .(4) If the elevator stop for safety gear, manual drive vehicle can not force the window to rescue the stranded from the safety of passengers. .3, lift their own failure to rescue the trapped immediately after the overhaul of personnel, to identify causes of accidents and eliminate hidden dangers, if not self-study, must be notified as soon as the elevator maintenance professionals to troubleshoot and restore the normal operation of the elevator, and write an accident .Management Office submitted a written report to General Management..

【 Weak current College 】 air-conditioning fan coil reasonable choice---Power By 【 China power house network 】

Fan-coil is a centralized air-conditioning system, extensive use of terminal equipment. Air blower plate Tube selection of not only directly affects air conditioning effect, also is to guarantee the normal system operation and reduced energy consumption of important links, particularly in high-precision or strict technical requirements of occasions, but also requires reasonable air parameters.

Ventilation and cooling (heat) is the basic of the fan coil. "Wind" is "cold" media and the carrier, it directly affected the cooling capacity, air temperature, ventilation and temperature gradient and the number of volatility, which determines the precision and comfort air conditioning.　　Therefore, ensure that sufficient air is the achievement of the expected air conditioning effects prerequisite. It should be noted that this volume is the number of units in the normal use of the actual air. According to room size and a minimum clear space of ACH, you can find the minimum air. On high-precision technology of air conditioning, air flow check is necessary proceedings for Computing Center. In the selection of homemade air blower plate Tube, cannot be calculated, press the sample parameters selection, because domestic air blower plate Tube sample air volume in the name of the column to be higher than the actual air flow.

Our original Ministry of machine-building industry standard fan coil unit of JB/T4283-91: nominal air flow stated in must be in coil not water, air and export static differential pressure of zero for specific conditions. However, fan coil of actual use conditions is clearly different from the test conditions: practical use, dark machine groups often wish to retrofit into, back to the style bar, filter and short wind pipe, plus coil surface condensation water, dust and filter clogging and many other factors, will result in increased, decreased amount of wind wind resistance. Ming-mounted unit also exist air volume decline, just drop a small, so the domestic air blower plate Tube is bound to the actual air flow is lower than the nominal value. While the air force, and will cause the chilling down, thus forming a unit of actual performance (wind, cold) are lower than the nominal value, so that the air conditioning system is not up to the original design. As a result of domestic blower fan coil pipe name parameter in actual use conditions are not reproduced and therefore cannot be used as a basis for the selection of products. The industry standard in China, as well as the manufacturers samples given nominal parameters on dark machine group, actually is meaningless. Because of its normal use, cold condition air flow than the nominal air flow low 20% ~ 30%, and long-term operation of the unit or even 50% or more.

Foreign air blower plate Tube samples generally gives different machine external static pressure of the air flow and cooling capacity to facilitate the user to select. Some foreign concise sample although only gives the nominal air flow, but its meaning is different from our standard provisions, it generally refers to a certain machine external static pressure of the air flow values, the nominal air flow similar foreign air blower plate Tube, air flow rate is higher than the domestic unit 20% ~ 50%.

Similarly need to emphasize that the use of foreign concise sample, it should be noted that foreign companies often perform different standards, meaning the nominal air flow will also be some differences exist. So the best choice, based on the data range of the latest samples, or ask suppliers manufacturers provide products in different machine external static pressure of the air flow and cooling capacity value to determine the reliability.

Coupled with increased air flow is not only able to ACH, lower air temperature difference, improving air conditioning effect, because the cold, so you can narrow the unit volume. Therefore, foreign air blower plate tube size and weight, generally toless-than-made fan. Improving machine external static pressure and air flow, a blower fan coil pipe direction of development. Of course, the improvement of air volume to be air conditioning area allows the restriction of the wind speed.

At present, China's air conditioning designers generally used by the samples supplied mid-range arguments made by fan-coil. While this may to some extent compensate for the shortcomings of the air flow is not enough, but at the same time, because of the large machine small use to not only increase system capacity, improves engineering cost, but makes chillers with consistently high flow, small temperature difference in a bad state. Lead to inefficiencies in the system, energy consumption increased. This is not the same as the current reduce energy consumption, energy saving, environmental protection is an international trend.

To sum up, in the selection of the blower fan coil pipe air conditioning system, not only to achieve the design calculation accuracy, but also on the current market the different features of the various products, rational selection to create a comfortable, economical and reasonable air conditioning system.

【 Weak current College 】 water ring vacuum pump works---Power By 【 China power house network 】

I. purpose and scope of use SK series water ring vacuum pumps and compressors work for suction or pressure gases and other non-corrosive, insoluble in water, not containing solid particles of gas, so that in .the closed vessel forming vacuum or pressure in order to meet the specific process requirements of the device. Suction or pressure of the gas in a liquid containing small permitted. SK series water ring vacuum pumps and compressors are widely used in .machinery, petroleum, chemical, pharmaceutical, food, ceramics, sugar, printing and dyeing, metallurgy, environmental protection and electronic industries. Because in the course of their work, the class a compressed gas pump is in isothermal condition ., so the pressure or suction of flammable, explosive gas, no danger, so their broader application. The pump model description. For example: SK-122i2J SK is expressed as a water ring .vacuum pump; 12 represents the pump maximum suction capacity as 12m3/min (m / min) Working principle 3 eccentric impeller installed in the pump body 2, starting at the pump to be filled ., a certain degree of water as a liquid, when the impeller rotation direction according to diagram 3, the role of water affected by centrifugal force in the pump body wall form a closed ring rotates, the upper portion of the 5-ring and is tangent .to the inner surface of the water wheel, the lower portion of the inner surface of the top contact coincides with the leaves. At this point between the impeller hub and the water forms a crescent-shaped space, this space was divided into a number of .blade impeller and equal to the number of small cavities. If the upper part of the impeller 0 ° is the starting point, then the front impeller rotation 180 ° small cavity volume, by small size and and end cap of the suction port, its inner .space, where the gas was inhaled, when inspiratory time small cavity eventually also with the suction port isolation; when the impeller at 180 ° and 360 ° rotation, water ring inner surface gradually and hub near, small cavity by smaller, their space, gas .pressure rise above the exhaust pressure, when a small cavity and exhaust air, gas is discharged. Impeller rotation for a week, each of the blade space (small Chamber) suction and exhaust, some small working cavity, and .so forth, the pump is continuous suction or pressure gases. Because in the course of their work, and work to produce heat, will make the work of the water heating, water and gas at the same part is drained away, therefore, in the .work process, you must constantly to pump water to cool and add the consumption of water pump, meet the requirements of the pump. When the pump exhaust gas, no longer used in pump vent termination with separator (available he .produced a water tank and replace), exhaust gas and the water discharged into the separator, the gases emitted by the exhaust pipes, the water because of the role of gravity in separator and back to the mains supply to the pump. As the Director of .the working time, the operating liquid temperature will continue to rise, the need for steam separator to a certain amount of cold water (can use tap water), to reduce the temperature of working liquid, that pump up the required technical requirements and performance indicators .as when used for compressor, pump vent attached vehicle separator, automobile mixture into the separator after the automatic separation, gas from the exhaust pipe to required system and working fluid through emitting automatic overflow water switch, compressed gases, liquid is extremely easy to generate heat ., by the pump outlet discharge, temperature becomes higher, so the bottom of the separator that you want to continue to supply water to the hot-water supplement was released while cooling the working fluid temperature is not too high, thus ensuring compressor performance, meet .specifications, meet work requirements. III. structure description Pump the pump body, front and rear end cover, impeller, shaft, and other parts. Intake and exhaust pipes installed on end cap on .the park-up above the suction holes and vent and pump cavity connected impeller keyed to the shaft, eccentric and installed in the pump body. Total space from both ends of the pump and the pump body and Park up to adjust the cushion between the impeller .and the front and rear garden plate clearance between the bushing (SK-1.5/3/6) promoting the impeller to adjust, ensuring a uniform gap at both ends. While the above pump shaft SK-12 and impeller is an interference fit, this .gap identified by the front end position. SK-120 no collar remaining structure and SK-6/12/30/42/60/85. Impeller two face and the front and rear Park disk space determines the gas at the pump cavity by the .air intake and exhaust flow loss of size and ultimate pressure. Filler installed in both ends of the cover, seal water through the small hole in the cover into the filler, filler and enhance sealing cooling effect. Impeller formation water .ring the necessary supplementary water supply by water (tap water) pipes, water pipes with separator together circulating water. If sealing type mechanical seal, mechanical seal's installment in the cavity, fillers without packing, packing gland into mechanical seal .gland, the same structure as the rest. Bearing fixed by Park nut on the shaft. In the end caps installed in your garden, Park on a ceiling, vent and a rubber ball. Rubber ball valve is used when the impeller blades .between the gas pressure is exhaust pressure in the exhaust gas emissions before the feed as a result of gas pressure and the consumption of power, lower power consumption. Fourth, the device description Series liquid .ring type vacuum pump and compressor system consists of vacuum pump (compressor), coupling, motor and separator and pipeline components. Vacuum pumps and compressors and soft drinks at the master's works as follows: gas by pipeline via the valve .into the vacuum pump or compressor, then the imported gas pipe into the separator, the separator from the exhaust pipe. When used as a compressor, the compressor discharge of soft drink mixtures separation in separator, the gas through the valve to the need for compressed .air systems, the water is left in the separator, the water in the steam and water separator with automatic switch for adjusting water spills, when the water level higher than the required level, the overtopping switches to open, the water from spilling water overflow; .when the water level below the required level, the overtopping switch is closed, the water level in steam and water separator, reach the required level. Vacuum pumpOr compressor within liquid supply by separator (you can also use tap water), the size, volume .of water supplied by the water supply pipe on valve to adjust. Gas suction and pressure differences between the system only has to do with the internal structure of the separator. Pumping gas, inspiratory pressure below atmospheric pressure, atmospheric pressure .is equal to the vent, separator only overflow pipes; pressure gas suction port to atmospheric pressure (also available as vacuum), exhaust pressure higher than an atmospheric pressure, in order to ensure the transportation of gas pressure, the water level in steam-water .separator by overtopping switches to control. .

Weak current College】【solar is the most economical cleanest most environmentally friendly sustainable energy.

First, global energy shortage, the sustainable development of humankind is facing crisis In the process of human civilization in the 21st century, ensuring energy supply is a human and social development in a very important issue. Currently ., people enjoy the planes, trains, ships and various high-tech product tremendous convenience, however, with the coal, oil and gas, and other traditional fossil energy consumption of a large number of people also had a profound sense of crisis, according to .Governments and experts recognized statistics current global oil known exploitable reserves of about 40 years, natural gas known exploitable approximately 50 years, the mining of raw coal known to about 200 years, while China's recoverable reserves of fossil energy only: coal, crude oil only in .114.5 20.1 years, natural gas only 49.3 years. Even though optimistic that there many proven reserves, but currently foreseeable conditions of mining technology and, on the part of the resources of development costs will also be promoted to may not have the degree of development and .value. The Earth more than 50 billion years worth of energy, in tens of hundreds of years is running out of human civilization, the energy crisis are gradually spread to any corner of the world, become the economic and social .development of a bottleneck, not only the development of the global economic fetters, also became a global political and military conflicts. So, whether domestic or international, the global energy crisis is very prominent. At the same time, the burning of coal, petroleum ., natural gas and other fossil energy release of large amounts of carbon dioxide that cause environmental pollution and cause the greenhouse effect, may be in these energy-consumption light before the Earth environmental damage to the extent of human uninhabitable, the current global carbon dioxide emissions .by more than 300 million tons, if uncontrolled, this figure will reach 400 million by 2030, China will tonnes in occupies 1 / 4 scale. Therefore, to develop renewable energy, has become the sustainable human development and problems of continuity of life. Currently ., the available human utilization of renewable energy are of biomass, hydro power, wind power and solar power. Second, several major energy analysis 1, bio-energy .Biomass energy conversion routes is the accumulation of plant photosynthesis, and solar radiation into mechanical energy or electricity, at the same time, the current biomass another comparison accepted use is converted to ethanol (alcohol), etc. Data shows that each production a tons of .alcohol consumed 3 - 3.5 tons of corn, and the present plant photosynthesis solar energy utilization averaged only 0.2% growth on average during the high-yielding crops and only 1-2%, the artificial selection of maize General 1.2%, peak point conversion rate .but 3-5%, taking its place 3-5% of the light energy is converted to bio-energy to calculate, it can be deposited in the fruit of energy but also 1-1.5%, to further converted into alcohol, only one .third of the efficiency of the solar conversion efficiency 0.3-0.5% turned into ethanol, if converted into mechanical energy or power car, its efficiency would be lower, only 0.1-0.3%. Now there are quite a number .of people at home and abroad to promote biomass energy, but since the land is limited, in particular, account must be taken not to argue with people, not diets and food issues such as struggle, biomass energy is very limited. At present, China's .corn yield 5 tons per hectare - 10 tons in 2007, China's consumption 3.4 million tons of crude oil, suppose one of less than 1 / 3 or 1 million tons of corn production of bioethanol as an alternative to, you need to consume 3.5 billion tons .of bio-energy, that is at least 70 million hectares of land for the production of the biomass, which is equivalent to the occupied country's arable 1.3 million hectares of 50%. In addition, extensive use of biomass for energy will further break ecosystem " .production-consumption - decomposition - reproduction "of the natural ecology of the circulatory system, reduce the productive potential of the ecological system, increase the harm ecosystems health and sustainable development. For limited arable land, and ecological degradation and biomass stock limited China, biomass .energy development and the large scope of application is neither possible nor practical. 2, water and electricity Hydroelectric energy conversion is transmitted through the "solar radiation - water evaporation-hydro-electric energy" .in the process. Although our river hydropower resources reserves reach 6.76 million kilowatts, of which the economy can develop hydropower resources about 3.78 million kilowatts, of which nearly half of hydropower resources in the development process to drown large fertile fields, as well as migration of .large numbers of immigrants without developing value, especially large dams construction livelihood, political, economic, cultural, ecological, environmental, and many other issues that led to the development of economic and social costs substantially zeng plus. Although hydropower .generation process does not produce polluting waste, is ideal for clean energy, but its partial destruction of ecological environment. In the past, the dam is supposed to be solving flood or water, irrigation, transportation, power generation, water problems of the primary selection .. But today, people come to realize the reservoir of water will evaporate from the large a meter, or due to the excessive growth of algae and stagnate, the Aswan Dam in Egypt, on the completion of the 1970s, became the pride of Egypt, .however, in recent years, the Government of Egypt, it was found to have seriously undermined the Nile basin of ecological balance, triggering a series of ecological disaster, outstanding such as a large number of cross-strait soil salinization, Delta contraction, schistosomiasis prevalence ., etc. Similar serious problem also appears in Kenya's Mweya hydropower station, China Taiwan Meinung reservoir and so many places. The end of 2003, held in Thailand in the second World Congress against dams, and finally on the advantages and disadvantages presented the global dam .. Many countries have started to perform the removal of the dam, dam removal and recovery of the costs of River Ecology is much greater than the original cost, thus building a dam hydroelectric "renewable", as well as environmental impact, etc need to reassess .. 3, wind power Wind energy conversion routes mainly solar radiation heating convection of air, wind through wind turbines to power. Authority numberIt has been demonstrated that reach the Earth's solar in about 2 per .cent can be converted into wind energy, some can take wind power generator into electric energy. If the direct calculation of electrical energy from solar energy to the conversion efficiency is lower than 0.5%. According to the national land 900 more weather station analysis estimated that .China's wind energy resource endowment approx 32.26 million kilowatts, but at a height of 10 meters can exploit wind power resources only 2.53 million kilowatts, and mainly concentrated in the southeastern coastal area wind energy-rich zone, "North" (North-East, North ., Northwest) area wind energy rich belt, inland rich of local wind energy. Because of the wind itself density low, instability, regional differences are large, wide dispersion, randomness and the low density of energy, and wind conditions for the construction, exploitation .is very difficult. Wind power site on the natural environment (wind) requires a relatively high, light wind phase will last for more than 1 year. At the same time, because of the wind speed is not controllable, utilization hours low, typically less .than 2000 hours per year. The current average per km wind power installed capacity of 0.6 - 1 000 kW, by contrast, solar power at the current conservative technical level, the installed capacity may reach per km in 5 - .10 million kilowatts. Consider China's wind energy resource-rich areas concentrated in the southeastern coastal area, Inner Mongolia grassland areas, the development of wind power need large areas of land will be a very difficult challenges, a 100 million kilowatts of wind power plant covers .an area of 100 square kilometers, reached on electric power delivery will also be difficult. Moreover, according to the American experience to develop wind power, wind power is bound to the local regional ecological effects, block or slow the atmospheric convection to China, where .in the southeastern coastal development of large scale wind power, will give China a lot of precipitation in the southeast monsoon forming blocks, resulting in reduced, or even continent precipitation may cause inland water, vegetation and other ecological chain damage, desertification would be exacerbated. .In addition, wind power equipment using wind turbines, and other mechanical gear that large-scale application of advanced maintenance costs and high degree of difficulty. 4. solar power Solar energy conversion line is .directly to the solar radiation energy into electrical energy, all renewable energy conversion of solar energy in part at least, using the most direct. In General, throughout the energy flow of the ecological environment, with an increase in conversion links, conversion chain elongation, .energy losses will increase geometrically-level, and at the same time greatly increases the operating costs of the entire system and instability. Currently, crystal silicon solar cell conversion efficiency of practical level in 15-20%, laboratory level up to 35%. Therefore ., from this standpoint, solar power is that we now can use the energy in the most efficient one-time conversion, and use the simplest, most reliable and economical emerging energy, its one-time will convert mankind to solar energy-efficient utilization of .energy level is high, about 100 times the plant and to present technological! its use lifecycle can be stable for more than 20 years! Our country is vast, with very rich solar energy resources, the country has two- .thirds of the land area, each square meters of total solar radiation to 3350-8400 zhaojiao average 5860 zhaojiao (equivalent to 199kg grams), the annual solar surface absorb approx. 2.4 trillion tonnes of energy, the equivalent of China's 2007 national energy consumption total .26.5 billion tonnes of 905 times. One of Western Tibet is China's largest solar energy resources, enrichment up to 2333 kWh/m2 (daily radiation 6.4 kWh / m 2), second place in the world, second only to the African Sahara. Our existing .desertified land area of about 100 million square kilometers, and is growing year by year, mainly in the solar resource rich of the North-West and South-West region, assuming that the desertification of land of 1%, which is used to set grid .photovoltaic power generation system, at the current conservative 100Wp/m2 technology level, installed capacity to reach 10 million kilowatts, the 2007 national power total installed capacity of 7.13 million kilowatts. Third, solar photovoltaic power generation prospects ahead < .br> In essence, the first three energy is actually a form of solar energy conversion and transformation link, their root or stem from solar radiation to produce energy. Comprehensive, in terms of resources, especially land resources, biomass energy, wind .energy is very demanding, and solar energy is very flexible and extensive. Development of these energy needs with solar power, if you want to occupy the land area of 1, the solar wind is 8-10 times, bio-energy the times 100. .And hydropower, a building of large dams often need submerged dozens to hundreds of square kilometres of vast land. In addition, solar power most of the time actually do not need to take up extra land, roofs, walls can become places of its application, .can also take advantage of our vast desert regions, to the largest desert in the Taklimakan desert, for example, through the desert on the construction of solar power base, both stable original constantly eating green sand dunes, the nature are our need of clean renewable .energy. Of course also need to take the necessary means and measures to reduce dust storm damage to the power generation facilities. As solar panels for cloaking, reduces the desert in each surface solar radiation, effectively reduce surface temperatures, .reduce evaporation, thus allowing the survival and growth of plants to a considerable extent possible. Desert Oasis, you can effectively and improve China's intensified desertification trends, and with the gradual extension of solar power will become fertile desert. In energy input-output ratio, .the current optoelectronic component lifetime issued power and manufacturing, production phase of the ratio of the consumption of electricity has to commonly reaches 5-10 times, in the light of good areas can reach 15-20 times. In addition, the current per-kilowatt .photovoltaic power construction cost for 2-3 million, but we have every reason to believe that, as a large-scale solar PV applications and promotion, especially in the upper reaches of the crystalline silicon PV industry andTechnology matures, scale application, building roofs, .facades etc platform, photovoltaic, solar thermal utilization of composite, each kilowatt photovoltaic power construction cost is expected to be reached in around 2010 - 7000 RMB 1 million, this would have considerable competitive advantage. From the development of the .resource implications of the biomass energy 1 million kilowatts, hydropower, wind power 3.78 million kilowatts 2.53 million kilowatts, but solar energy is 21039 million kilowatts, just 1%, reaching developing 210 million kilowatts, from scale, accounted for biomass energy, wind power 0.46 .1.74% hydropower 1.16%, photoelectric 96.64%; from the current generation of carbon emission rate (g carbon / KWH), not counting its upstream: coal is 275 g, oil, 204 g electricity, natural gas power generation to 181 grams, wind .power is 20 grams, and solar PV is near zero emissions. And, in the power generation process, no waste, waste, waste water, exhaust emissions, no noise, no poisonous substances and, therefore, will not pollute the environment. Therefore, .solar power is currently available in the most environmentally friendly energy sources, the most economical sources of energy. In recent years, with massive solar photovoltaic power generation applications, rapid development and tremendous prospects, its upstream of polysilicon production technology .and products such as computer, semiconductor, large-scale, industrialized production technology has been very mature and perfect, especially from domestic and global existing production process, can ensure that the entire polysilicon production for the whole industry chain and closed operation within the system, .so as to achieve zero emissions level. In recent years, the global solar photovoltaic industry is developing rapidly in the past 10 years the average annual growth rate of PV industry 41.3%, nearly 5 years 49.5%, in 2007 than 2006 56.2 percent. 2007 .China to become the world's first producer of solar energy, yield 1062.8MW 4000.05MW world yield 26.6%. In view of the photovoltaic industry in the country's resources on unique and huge advantage, long-lasting, safe, convenient and universal, manage, and .easy maintenance, low operating costs significantly. Countries should give priority to the development of photovoltaic, supporting policies, vigorously support is in development in the early stages of optoelectronics industry, becoming a new economic growth point, participation in the global economic competition. As China's .national conditions, the oil can yield per capita levels significantly lower than the global level, long-term outsourcing, dependence on petroleum imports increase year by year, as soon as possible with the use of renewable, sustainable solar on the country's national energy strategy for .the security is very important! Looking ahead, looking at the global, the EU is expected to be able to install 3GW 2010 (kilowatt) of PV power plant, in 2030, installation of photovoltaic power generation facility may be .increased to around the world 200GW may reach 1000GW. In the world solar energy Assembly published the Chinese PV development report pointed out that China Solar photovoltaic development potential is huge, 2030 PV installed capacity will reach 1 million kW, annual energy output of up to 1300 .billion kWh, building on-grid PV systems and large-scale photovoltaic power station in the desert of two forms will gradually become the mainstream of China PV market. At the same time, solar photovoltaic power generation can continue to solve China's remote areas people power .and poverty aspects play an important role. With the gradual depletion of fossil energy and solar technology and the further development of industrial scale, solar will eventually convert to its high efficiency, simple, reliable, economic and environmental characteristics, as the future of the energy .star. We fully perspectives, large-scale use of solar power generation, environmental impact and damage will be fully checked, then the car does not exhaust emissions, and do not smoke, a chimney in the mountains, lakes and mountains, birds, and .the whole earth will be a fairy tale world. .

【 Weak current College 】 water source heat pump technology in application note some issues

Water sources (geothermal) heat pumps use surface water as the heat source, water temperature in the summer than the ambient air temperature is low, therefore reducing refrigeration condensing temperature, cooling effect better than air cooling and water cooling tower, the winter temperature than ambient air temperature is high, the heat pump cycle of evaporating temperature increases, the energy efficiency ratio also improved; there is no winter air-source heat pumps, and other difficult problems for defrosting. In the use of water sources (geothermal) heat pump should note the following aspects:
In adopting water-source heat pump technology, early hydrologic analysis is particularly important, must be based on the actual situation of underground water to conduct a feasibility study on the analysis. Applicable principles: proper water adequate, water temperature, water well, water supply, stable, reliable recharge. Therefore, the earlier a serious, scientific hydrogeological exploration work is necessary.
Water source heat pump, central air-conditioning host is the core of heat and cold sources, its quality have a direct impact on the overall system reliability and performance. It is proposed to adopt a good reputation home and abroad, especially in the technical quality, production history, service good brands.
We all know, water source heat pump air conditioning energy efficiency ratio (COP value, approximately equal to the output/input power) is higher than conventional air conditioning, but there are limits, usually in 4, 6, but some manufacturers nominal its heat pump efficiency ratio can reach up to 7, 8, or even a few there are 11, 12. This is not realistic, not science, is on the user's extremely irresponsible, is a fraud.
The key technology of water-source heat pump is well. Wells of well drilling technology is extremely important, you must request a large-diameter steel tube. CIAT in wells in France has unique technology and experience in the field can save part than the traditional way of water consumption, and be able to successfully implement the same pumping and irrigation.
Due to the water source heat pump air conditioning system usage is extremely high, and so on device performance and quality requirements are also quite high, various kinds of auxiliary equipment and materials for reasonable matching is also the basis for obtaining good results. CIAT's style is a construction works to maintain a high level, select high-quality equipment and materials, the project made show, promotional window to owners better social benefits.
Central air conditioning system is a long-term use, high reliability requirements, must be able to guarantee the long-term reliable operation, the use effect. In the design and construction of primary consideration is the strict quality control to ensure the quality of the works, and in line with national standards and specifications, design or equipment selection, engineering, construction, drilling and recharging and so on each link must be around the Center.

【 Weak current College 】 solar heat pump principle and technical analysis

Heat pump technology is a new energy-efficient refrigeration and heating technology, for a long time mainly applied in the field of heating and air conditioning of buildings. Because of the heat pump for heating in energy conservation and environmental protection aspects of good performance, the hot water supply systems are increasingly used as a heat source heat pump equipment [2]. With outdoor air for air-source heat pump heat source, the structure is simple and does not require a dedicated room, convenient installation, in sanitary hot water supply, an irreplaceable advantage, apart from the major air-source heat pump hot water system, now has more than one brand of small household air-source heat pump water heater also put on the market. But one of the main air-source heat pump is heating and heating performance coefficient with the outdoor air temperature lower and lower, so its use is affected by ambient temperature restrictions generally applies to the minimum temperature-10 ° c above the area [3].

The heat pump and solar domestic hot water, combined with supply at home and abroad for a lot of research in this field, there are two ways, one is directly to the air-source heat pumps as a solar energy system for auxiliary heating equipment, another is the use of solar energy for hot water and low temperature heat source or the solar collector as heat pump evaporator of solar assisted heat pump systems. The former mainly for solar direct heating for air-source heat pumps as a supplement to address the issue of continuity of solar heating, but still cannot get rid of the ambient temperature of the heat pump heating performance impact; the latter entirely to solar energy as heat pump heat sources, greatly improving the efficiency of the use of solar energy, solar energy resource shortage still need to add other auxiliary heat source, and the heat pump capacity affected by solar heat, smaller scale in General.

In a large, solar central heating system, air source heat pump is an ideal auxiliary heating equipment, in order to improve the air source heat pump for heating low temperature environment to run performance, expanding its use of regional, domestic and international solar heat pump advanced experience in the study, we developed a suitable low-temperature environment of solar-heat pump Central hot water system. The system uses a novel use of low temperature solar assisted air-source heat pump and solar thermal systems, solar and heat pump for auxiliary heating source, maximize the utilization of solar energy, rainy weather and winter temperature lower solar hot water supply is insufficient resources guaranteed rate, do 24 x 7 x 365 to supply hot water.

1 solar-heat pump consists of the central heating system
1.1 solar-heat pump hot water system basic composition of the Central
Solar-heat pump hot water system of the main central components for solar collectors and solar assisted air-source heat pump heating, other auxiliary devices and conventional Central hot water system, including solar heating hot water circulating pump, pump, heat exchanger, water tank and controller, etc.

1.2 solar assisted air-source heat pump heating
1.2.1 solar assisted air-source heat pump heating works
For the air source heat pump in low-temperature environment in efficient, stable, reliable operation, many scientific research institutes at home and abroad and the production companies; development and improvement, can be summarized in three ways. One is to rely on external auxiliary heat source to increase the heat pump heating performance at low temperature, such as through electric heating to improve heat pump heating water temperature, the use of auxiliary heating burner heat exchanger, laying around in the compressor phase change material to increase low-temperature heating operation output and so on; the second is through improving refrigerant circulation system to improve low-temperature heat pump heating performance, such as a two-stage compression of air-source heat pump, located in the middle of the air-source heat pump air circuit; the third is the frequency system, low-temperature conditions to let the compressor speed work to increase the amount of refrigerant cycle, while at the same time the compressor working cavity. spraying fluid to prevent it from overheating, so that the heat pump can run properly.
Solar assisted air-source heat pump heating is based on the first way, as shown in Figure 2. In the evaporator unit has increased on a secondary heat exchanger. Heat pumps at low temperature under heating runs, the higher the ambient temperature of the solar hot water flowing through the secondary heat exchanger, and enters the evaporator in outdoor air heat exchange to increase its temperature, so that the refrigerant at a relatively high environment evaporation heat absorption and increases evaporation temperature, improve the working conditions of the compressor.

2. solar assisted air-source heat pump schematic heating
1.2.2 solar assisted air-source heat pump heating performance characteristics [7]
With normal air-source heat pumps, solar-assisted air-source heat pump heating in running under low temperature conditions have the following several obvious characteristics:

(1) COP significantly improve
In the same environment temperature, solar assisted heat of vaporization temperature refrigerant system, and unit heating performance coefficient compared with ordinary air source heat pump unit has dramatically improved, heat pump heating performance coefficient with the evaporation temperature changes as shown in Figure 2.

(2) prevent the evaporator frosting and defrosting time reduction
Since the heating effect of auxiliary heat source, improving the air enters the evaporator temperature to reduce the possibility of frost, which prevents the evaporator surface frosting to maintain high heat transfer efficiency, at the same time, the unit of frequency and duration of defrosting also greatly reduced, can save a lot of energy and heat pump units continuous uninterrupted operation.

(3) the improvement of air conditioning compressor working environment, to extend the service life of the unit
In the ambient temperature is low, the air conditioning compressor of compression, the compressor's rapid rise in temperature often exceed exhaust compressor allows the scope of work, causing the compressor frequent stops and does not work, if this situation persists, it will damage the overall performance of the compressor, reducing the service life of air conditioning equipment. Through solar energy as an auxiliary heat source system evaporating temperature, indirectly improve the compressor working environment, not only solved the compressor in the outside-temperature environment is not working properly, and you can make the entire heat pump units effectively extend the service life.

1.2.3 solar assisted heat exchanger design
Secondary heat exchanger is located in the heat pump evaporator, either forAs the heat pump unit of a part with a heat pump units production, the use of synchronous design and the evaporator the same overall dimensions and material of finned tube heat exchanger. Secondary heat exchanger for heat transfer area, air through the temperature rise and heat pump evaporator spacing should be based on solar collector can provide auxiliary heat, solar, water temperature, ambient temperature and heat pump evaporator temperature, exhaust volume and other parameters for the design calculations.

1.3 solar collectors
At present in the solar water heating projects commonly used solar collectors mainly in flat-plate solar collector, all-glass vacuum tube heat exchanger, u-shaped pipe vacuum tube heat exchanger, heat pipe vacuum tube collectors and circulations vacuum tube collector five [8]. For a comparison of annual use large solar hot water system, called central solar collector should have a certain pressure capability, high thermal efficiency, smaller set of pipes, frost resistance, easy to maintain. In a solar collector, all-glass vacuum tube collector although heat set high thermal efficiency, market share, but because it cannot be confined to run, easy to crack, not suitable for use in large solar hot water system, the majority are to be used as a solar water heater hot parts of the set. The other four are metal heat absorption of solar collector, you can run under pressure, suitable for large solar hot water engineering applications.

Flat-plate collector is applied earlier a solar thermal plant, which is also the World Solar market leading products, widely used in various areas of low-temperature hot water heating, but with the vacuum tube solar collector, subject to the limitations of its own structure, heat efficiency in the collection do not have the advantage on, winterizing and collector performance affected by seasonal and environmental impact, mainly in the southern winter temperature higher application, in the North in the cold regions of poor winter running effect, not recommended for application in large hot water project.
U-tube vacuum tube heat exchanger, heat pipe vacuum tube collectors and circulations vacuum tube collectors are all-glass vacuum tube collector developed on the basis of the product, the common features have relatively high thermal efficiency of the set to metal as receiver, you can run, but under pressure from the set thermal efficiency, leakproof, anti-fouling, durability, security, reliability, installation and maintenance difficulty in evaluation, heat pipe vacuum tube heat exchanger is the most appropriate at central hot water supply system in the solar collector type, u-tube vacuum tube collectors and circulations vacuum tube collector. Heat pipe vacuum tube collectors use heat pipe heat, dry tube connection, running water, a small heat capacity, heat transfer, thermal shock resistant to frost, and pressure, thermal insulation, no leakage, easy maintenance, etc., u-tube vacuum tube collectors and circulations collectors use vacuum tube concentric directly on refrigerants, in addition to the operating temperature is high, bearing capacity and good thermal shock performance characteristics, the thermal efficiency is higher than the set of collectors and can be installed horizontally, simplify mounting bracket, reduce installation area, avoid collector affect architectural appearance, in terms of solar energy and building combined with strong adaptability, but its specific heat pipe vacuum tube Setup collectors are more complicated, the interface, hidden with leakage in the operation of the system maintenance cost is relatively high.

2 solar-heat pump Central hot water system works
Solar and solar-assisted air-source heat pump combination heated as central hot water system of a heat source, its purpose is to learn from each other, that the two complement each other as a spare, in sunny time priority use solar heating hot water, solar collectors produce low temperature hot water as heating solar assisted air-source heat pump in auxiliary heating source, thus improving heat pump operation, improve its heating performance. This combination forms, both in the relatively stable and efficient conditions, ensure the system 24/7/365 of sanitary hot water supply. Air-source heat pump heating process essentially on the air in the promotion of solar energy utilization, according to the characteristics of the heat pump, in the hot water system is running, the heat pump unit as auxiliary heat source runs the supply of heat, only a small part from power, solar energy, heat pumps, central water heating system boosts solar energy utilization, reducing primary energy consumption.

Solar-heat pumps run Central hot water system in the following four conditions:
(1) solar heating hot water supply
In the majority of Rizhao good sunny day, the system works by this condition, the work of the solar circulation pump by the system controller according to the solar collector and water tank temperature control, continuous use of collectors collecting heat through intermediate heat exchanger to the hot water tank.

(2) solar assisted heat pump heating domestic hot water
When cloudy or cloudy weather, solar collector temperature is lower than the temperature of the hot water tank to direct heating domestic hot water, heat pump start, use air as heat source for heating domestic hot water in the hot water tank. In the autumn and winter season, when the ambient temperature is lower than the economic operation of the heat pump, the temperature of the heat pump system efficiency decreased and the evaporator surface frosting, auxiliary heating, heat pump, circulating start higher than the ambient temperature low temperature solar hot water into heat pump units within the secondary heat exchanger, air preheating through, so that the heat pump efficiency, and cut to prevent evaporator frosting to savings in power consumption of heat pump unit.

(3) solar and heat pump units while heating domestic hot water
In sunny sunshine well if the hot water system of heat loss is greater than the solar thermal system for efficient heating capacity or solar collectors for a smaller number, do not meet the hot water system with heat demand, solar and heat pump hot water system at the same time working to district heating.

(4) heat pump unit direct heating domestic hot water
In continuous rain and snow weather, hot water system energy consumption entirely by air source heat pump unit. At this point, the solar system is in standby, the heat pump to work alone on the hot water tank heating.

3 solar-heat pump hot water system design center
3.1 solar assisted air-source heat pump heating power ofR > solar-heat pump Central hot water system, solar-assisted air-source heat pump heating in fine weather as solar thermal systems auxiliary heat source equipment, solar energy resources is low or rainy weather as the main heat source system guarantees the normal supply of hot water, heating power should follow the design of the entire water system for determining the thermal load. For full-time Central hot water system, the heat pump unit power in accordance with the hot water system design hourly heat load determined that for part-time Central hot water system, the power of the heat pump unit shall be based on the maximum consumption of water, hot water tank, heating time and other parameters to determine the specific see documents [9]. Heat pump rated heating power of not less than central hot water system of comparison of load, in the winter, cold regions may be appropriate to increase the unit model, make it as far as possible during the day temperatures higher hours running, in a relatively short period of time to meet the needs of the thermal system.

3.2 solar collector area of
Solar-heat pump Central hot water system, solar collector area should be based on the hot water system heat load or according to the actual situation to determine the amount of solar heat, and as a fundamental basis of calculation of the project is located to the area of solar collector average daily effective heat to determine solar collector of the mounting area.
Hot water project, solar collectors in General is a fixed point of installation, its effective per unit area, more calories are subject to seasonal changes and every day changes in solar irradiation intensity, and is not a fixed value. The main factors influencing the collector installation angle, system operating conditions, location of meteorological parameters and sun exposure. Different collector types have different sets of thermal efficiency, also valid heat, so in practice generally based collector manufacturers offer collectors set performance parameters, such as thermal and solar irradiation data analysis, annual average.

3.3 solar collector system forms

For solar-heat pump, central water heating system solar system for hot water heating as well as the main heat source and as a heat pump in auxiliary heating source, and you should be able to withstand low environmental temperature, so should be used in closed systems, the system cycle refrigerants used antifreeze solution.

4 solar-heat pump hot water system of the central significance of the
4.1 operational reliability analysis
As solar-heat pump hot water system's main central components of solar and air-source heat pumps are sophisticated energy saving and environmental protection products. Solar domestic hot water system at the scale of use already has 20 years of history, extensive application of air-source heat pumps have decades of history [10], solar heat pumps, solar hot water system of the Central and the organic combination of air-source heat pump technology, without affecting their original function, making it significantly improves operational efficiency in order to ensure the system is stable and reliable operation, saving hot water system of conventional energy consumption.

4.2 energy efficiency analysis
According to China's northern most region of solar irradiation information, in accordance with the sanitary hot water system average heat loss and solar collectors to determine the average have thermal solar hot water system of collector area, solar-thermal pump Central hot water system, solar direct heating hot water system as a whole can meet 60-80% of the heat demand, and the remaining 20 — 40% thermal heating by solar assisted air-source heat pump supply, heat pumps can be up to the average COP, i.e. its 3.0 supply more than 65% of calories come from the collector cannot directly use solar and air heat energy. In the entire system running, collectors absorb solar energy utilization close to 100%, auxiliary heating power consumption only system total energy consumption 7 — 14%, compared with conventional sources of energy-saving hot water system can at least 85%.
By the above analysis shows that solar-heat pump Central hot water system is a reliable, environmentally friendly energy saving hot water system, the system uses only a small amount of solar energy and energy, on the environment without any pollution. Minimum temperature during the day-15 ºc, solar irradiation good in most parts of our country can be applied. Commission and hot water supply, winter heating and run-time savings over 60% of conventional energy sources, in most of the cold winter and hot summer, this system can also be building heating and air conditioning system with maximum energy saving effect.

5, the project application
In 2004, in solar-heat pump hot water system as the Central Academy of Olympic technology project "the Olympic village and the Olympic Stadium of solar heat pump Central hot water system demonstration of" project of the main research content, in Beijing, a training Hall yuetan Sports Center comprehensive demonstration project, the main function for domestic hot water supply, concentrated affluence calorie for auxiliary heating of swimming pools. The roof level installation mining 800m2 circulations vacuum tube solar collectors, solar-assisted air-source heat pump heating output power 300kW. In December 2004 has been to try to run the debugging phase, according to preliminary data, the system in the winter sunshine solar collector system meet the system design of 90% of the quantity of heat, rainy weather heat pump running smoothly, using 10 ℃ temperature solar hot-water heat pump in auxiliary heating source, heating performance significantly increased. According to the weather conditions in Beijing and solar irradiation data, the system, integrated energy saving rate can be expected by more than 90% of the target.

Weak current College】【air conditioning use errors.

Myth 1: refrigerant a year once Many users feel that air conditioning in use for some time, you must change refrigerants, in fact, this view is not correct. Air conditioning needs regular replacement .refrigerants is nonsense. As air conditioning and refrigerator is through the refrigerant to refrigeration, but because of the refrigerator is a closed-type of refrigeration equipment, so never needs to add refrigerant. While air conditioning refrigeration system is multi-shallow waterway of semi- .closed bays, in how much the refrigeration process generally exist refrigerant leakage, so sometimes it need to add refrigerant. However, each air-conditioning refrigerant leakage is different, so there is no requirement that a particular time, it is important to the user to .replace. In fact, use four or five years without adding refrigerant air conditioning everywhere. Special Alert: do not add refrigerant through professionals to test in the following areas. ● The current of air .conditioners. ● The pressure in the system. • Inlet outlet temperature. • Add refrigerant, professional maintenance staff will first look for air-conditioning of leakage points. .If you need to add the refrigerant, air-conditioning refrigerant leakage must exist. At no point in looking for leaks, even add a refrigerant is Barker, as refrigerants will soon leaked. Myth 2: cooling effect difference need .add refrigerant Air conditioning refrigerant too little and too much will affect the refrigerating effect. In addition, there are many factors affect the refrigeration effect, such as room size and does not match the number of air conditioning horse. < .br> Remind: If air conditioning cooling effect of sudden variation, it is recommended that the user can choose from the following areas to find the cause. • Air conditioning use over time, the compressor efficiency decline .. ● Filter not clean. • Inlet, outlet with occluder. Myth 3: it doesn't matter for a long time without air conditioning < .br> Air conditioning is the core of the work, there's a compressor lubricant. If you do not use for a long time, the oil will, once again, use the time is likely to cause the death of compressor card. < .br> Special Alert: do not use air conditioning in season, it is best to keep one month on a usage. Myth 4: the air conditioning room does not need replacement Now there are .many air conditioners are carries negative ions, the oxygen bar, many users feel the air conditioning is very healthy. In fact, the view is not correct, most beneficial to human health is natural air. In a pure natural air, with negative ions, .the oxygen and other ingredients. Special reminder: in the long term use air-conditioner, the user wants to open the window on a regular basis, let the room air and outside air forming convection, which most conducive to .health. Myth 5: clean air conditioning just washing filter In all household appliances, air conditioning dust pollution is the most severe, and the air conditioning clean is also the most overlooked things. Some .user-installed air conditioning, a life-long, never clean until failure. Remind: the air-conditioning maintenance manual States: air conditioning in summer or autumn of use before using once after cleaning. In fact, air .cleaning, general user can individually finished. First is the cleaning of machine. Filters must be clean, and air conditioning inside of Photocatalyst before using it, you will need in the Sun on the Sun, ten minutes to keep .its function. If you use time machine for a long time, the dust in the evaporator or needs cleaning. And fumes from the larger working air conditioning you will need to remove the air conditioning throughout, comprehensive clean. In .addition to outside the machine, the machine must also be cleaned. If the machine is not a high up in the outdoors, you can wash the condenser and heat. Myth 6: loading external machine exposed terminals required In fact, if the machine hanging position, is not windshield rain awning. Because the external machine in the design, add a waterproof, acid-proof, rust-proof features at no additional shielding. However, if you frequently want .to Sun's external machine, it is best to have an awning. When the loading terminals, users need to pay attention to the size of the awning, because too little awning affect air conditioning heat. Special reminder: user according .to the instruction manual to determine the distance from the air conditioner, awning, machine after about distance. Need maintenance primarily filters, so: ● Use the former must first clean air conditioning filters for .dust. ● Use disinfectant will filter Immersion disinfection. ● Best conditions before using blowers with vacuum cleaner for indoor dust. ● Daily post at first quarter window ventilation, .first use the ventilation should be more some time, let the air conditioning inside the accumulation of bacteria, fungi and mites to disseminate as much as possible. ● Regular on air conditioning filters disinfection. .● Indoor air-conditioned time not too long, it is best to always open the window ventilation to reduce indoor concentrations of toxic gases, to inject fresh air on a regular basis. • To adjust the temperature indoors and outdoors ., generally not more than 8 to 10 degrees Celsius. • Non smoking room. ● Note that air conditioning in the operation, not on its spray insecticides or volatile liquid to avoid leakage causing it .. Friendship prompt: 1, compression · Air conditioner crust is plastic, the pressure range is limited, if pressed, Panel deformation heating and cooling, serious damage to .the internal when important components. 2, the season when not in use · Clean filter to prevent dirt accumulation impact next time; > · Unplug, take out the .remote control battery in case of accidental damage; · Dry the body to keep the tank is dry. · Outdoor unit reset on a shield against the wind, the Sun, the rain. < .br> 3, reuse · Check the filter is clean, confirm that you have installed; · Remove outdoor shield removed blocking objects; · On the .machine running properly; · Confirm the remote control battery power status. .

Weak current College】【glass automatic valve malfunction and processing.

≪ a> door leaf switch when beating? Possible causes: (1) on track and track objects stuck. (2) hanging round of wheels for objects .embedded. (3) hanger following only the underside of the wheel and track clearance is too small; (4) of the cave is too small, the ratio of the height, generally less .than 3: 1 it is easy. Page <II> door leaf switching speed is too slow? Possible causes: (1) controller speed adjustment is too slow. (2) of the belt may be too loose. (3) voltage anomalies. (4) activities possible and rails or overlaid with fixed door leaf friction or friction with the floor. . (5) only friction wheel and rail. (6) exceeded the weight of the door, the door can be under new works will run on, also a long time. . Page <three> collision occurred when the doors close? Possible causes: (1) too fast. (2) voltage anomalies. (3) .motor power accessories may damage. (4) controllers incorrectly adjusted brakes (partial controller brake adjustable). Page <IV> door leaf cannot be started? Possible causes .: (1) sensor failure, check the sensor of induction signal correctly. (2) wire joints loose gum (short circuit). (3) belt. .(4) possible motor overheating, when the cooling will be back to normal. (5) controllers burned. (6) foreign body stuck. (7) .voltage anomalies. Page <v> door opening since gateway? Possible causes: (1) sensor is malfunctioning. (2) of the active object is located in .the sensing range. (3) door blade switch encounter obstacles. (4) the rear door is not fixed immediately, if the beam is too long in the door is closed, the probe .with the back cover, could open the door (microwave probe most likely to happen); (5) probe detection range adjustment improperly, the door closing movement is probe exploration to a door; .Page <six> door leaf jitter? Possible causes: (1) underground rail or stop damper obstructions or wear, and jitter. (2) mobile crane rasgueados and rail wear or obstacles occur ., happen nodded. 7 ¡ .considerations? Possible causes: (1) automatic doors hanging round the track and not oil; otherwise the hanger with sliding on the wheel, so that the door of a collision. (2) .long time use, please turn the power off. (3) do not arbitrarily disassembly and Assembly where the exception occurred, please contact with professionals. First of all would like to talk about sensor .automatic doors (with sliding door, for example) is false, because of external factors on the symptom, not the machine parts. If this is false, you own is very easy to fix; of course, if the judgment is host internal electrical or .mechanical problems, we recommend that you contact the dealer from them as you are responsible for troubleshooting, and replacement parts, this is because each manufacturer has different manufacturers of special accessories, and other manufacturers of the products are not compatible. A common pseudo fault: door leaf fixed, of course, it is first necessary to see whether its transmission. (1) take a look at the activities of the door leaf is mopping phenomenon, if it has this .phenomenon, the door in starting a great burden, host controller will think there is a barrier for self protection door stop motion; (2) take a look at the door leaf of walking round sling is not from the orbit .of fall down, if it has this phenomenon, the door leaf will walk. Common pseudo failure II: activities of the door leaf himself kept switched; (1) there may be activities to .the inductive detector induction range, such as pedestrians, vehicles, colorful and even trees shadow. (2) possible induction probe for detection range down too down, when the door is closed, the probe and induction into the activities .of the door leaf, detection sensors mistaken for someone, which opened the door again. (3) may be fixed on the induction probe beam and slab have judder to probe with jitter, caused the doors not stop switch. . Common pseudo fault 3: activities of the door leaf moving sounds great such troubles most appear on the used longer automatic door. (1) the door hanger to walk round due to the long- .running has some wear, if there is a slight wear, you can track and go round a cleaning, or to go round for bearings with a little oil, but you cannot go to the track and plastic on the oil, because oil is easy to .absorb dust, will make traveling wheel damage faster. (2) section metal joints loose phenomenon, simply back reinforcement. (3) the lower part of the guide system damage, also sound great ., as is the need to replace. (4) the activities of the door leaf and door due to friction stationary phenomenon and the noise. (5) initial construction on the beam, or .when there is no upper ceiling had a resonance phenomenon. Common pseudo failure 4: activities of the door leaf slow (1) induction probe for detection range is too small; < .br> (2) within the induction probeDust phenomena; (3) door is too heavy, beyond the host motor traction. .

Weak current College】【how to buy a good led display.

With the application of led display, led display and universal access to the market an unprecedented trend of rapid development. This years LED large screen demand soared, causing various size factory mushrooms grow, suddenly all say their own good, the bad and .the ugly customer difficile, but most of them price-oriented. But as the saying goes, buyers than sellers, generally means the buyer how to go down, go to the astute requires sellers, but also difficult to smart too sellers, let the sellers .account. The result is like a million of BMW didn't buy it bought 300 Jetta. However, as a member of the integrity of the manufacturer, you should put the industry's important information prior to tell buyers for their choice not to .pursue the information asymmetry. LED full color large screen after several years of development, rough look seems to have a mature industry, as a matter of fact, whether domestic or foreign manufacturers, is still a long way to go, especially outdoor .large screen, most of the products after two years of operation, it is difficult to maintain within the user's expectations. Why is that? Here first of all a big misunderstanding, most people think that the main materials LED screen ., IC life has reached 10 000 hours, 365 days / year, 24 hours / day running, the service life of 11 years, most customers are concerned only with the renowned LED and IC. In fact, this thing is a necessary but not sufficient .condition, because the red, green, blue three lamp of fair use, to display all the more important, for the different colors of light, to make it work in the best condition, for a good display will become more important. IC's reasonable control ., also help to overcome the PCB wiring problems are not reasonable. Just like a car with a good engine and circuit control, not necessarily become a good car. This is a critical factor is this: Because of the LED, IC is .a semiconductor device, their conditions of use on the environment, preferably in the required room temperature of around 25 ° c, its the best working mechanism. But in fact a outdoor large screen are applied at different temperatures, summer may be in more than 60 .℃, winter may at-20 ° c below. When manufacturers product is 25 ¡ .æ to test conditions, the different product categories, fact tranche running condition of 60 ° c or-20 ° c, then LED, IC work efficiency and performance are not consistent, you may actually belong to a stall of becomes more stalls, brightness is .inconsistent, the screen body naturally become flowers. This is because in different temperature conditions, red, green and blue light attenuation and decline of brightness are different, and in 25 ℃, the white balance is good, but at 60 ° c, the three .colors of the LED brightness is decreased, and the attenuation values do not match, it will produce a screen brightness decrease and partial color, full of quality will decrease. And IC? IC temperature range is-40 ° c-85 ℃. As the .outside temperature is too high, causing the body temperature rises, if the box at the temperature exceeds 85 ° c, IC will cause overheating and result in instability, or drift to difference between current or movie channel difference too large to cause corruption. At the same time, power is also very important, because the power supply in different temperature conditions, the stability of its work, the output voltage and load capacities vary, because it assumes the role of logistics support, so it guarantees the ability to .directly affect the quality of the screen. Cabinet design for display is also very important, on the one hand, the role of circuit protection, on the other hand is safe effect, dustproof, waterproof effect. But more importantly ventilation heat circuit .system design is good, with the power-on time and outside temperature, thermal drift of components will also increase, which causes the image quality deterioration. Five factors determine the quality of LED display screen LED (light emitting diode) on the importance of the display can be compared to the car's engine, the air conditioning compressor. Choose a good performance of the LED is a high-performance led display. However, even if the same ingredients, the .same ingredients, the same stove, different levels of Chef may also vary dishes out of cooking. Therefore, the possibility of using LED more is the touchstone for the display manufacturer. General view screen has the following five key performance indicators and LED is closely related .to quality parameters: brightness and viewing angle, uniformity and clarity, pixel out rate, life expectancy, energy consumption and energy efficiency. 1. the brightness and viewing angle -Display brightness depends primarily on the LED luminous intensity and .the LED density -Display perspective should address the luminous flux waste problem Display brightness depends primarily on the LED luminous intensity and the LED density. In recent years, LED in the substrate, extension, chip and package, an endless .stream of new technology, particularly of indium tin oxide (ITO) current extension layer technology and process stability and maturity, the LED luminous intensity has been significantly improved. At present, the international first-class brand low power LED on the horizontal angle of view .for 110 °, vertical angle of 50 degrees of luminous intensity of the Green tube is high as 4000mcd, red tube da 1500mcd, blue tube da 1000mcd. The spacing in pixels to 20mm, the brightness can be reached more than 10000nit. The display can .be used in any environment 24 / 7. On the display screen angle, one worthy of our consideration of phenomena: led display particularly outdoor screen, people's observation angle under which basic is from, and to existing led display product form, half .of the light flux disappear in the vast sky. In energy intensive today, do we have the more reasonable solution? worth thinking about. 2. uniformity and clarity Various performance parameters. LED inconsistent is the main cause of the .effect uniformity The definition restricting led display-improvement was uniformity and not physical pixels of spacing Led display technology development today, uniformity has become the measure of the most important advantages and disadvantages of the display. People often say "little .bright LED display, all the brilliant "the pixels and the serious imbalance between modulesThe image of a metaphor. Professional point of argument as" dust effect "and the" mosaic phenomenon ". Cause cause uneven: LED various performance parameters; display .in production, the installation process of assembling accuracy; other electronic components of the electrical parameters of consistency is not enough; modules, PCB design of norms. "LED various performance parameters of the inconsistency" is the major cause. These performance parameters .of inconsistent mainly include: light intensity is not consistent, smooth inconsistencies, color coordinates inconsistencies, the primary colors of light intensity distribution curve of the attenuation characteristics are not consistent and inconsistent, and so on. How to resolve LED performance parameters of inconsistency, current .industry there are two main ways: first, the technology by LED specifications of further subdivision, improve the performance of LED consistency; the second is through subsequent correction of the ways to improve display uniformity. Subsequent correction or rectification from the earlier module, modules, .correction, to the development of point-by-point correction today. Correction technique is from a simple light intensity correction, to the light intensity + color coordinate calibration. However, we think that the subsequent correction is not a panacea. Which .is inconsistent with the optical axis, the light intensity distribution curve of the attenuation characteristics are not consistent and inconsistent, assembling accuracy as well as the design of norms is not available through subsequent correction to eliminate, even such subsequent correction makes the optical axis, attenuation ., assembling precision inconsistency. Therefore, through the practice of our conclusion is: subsequent correction just treatment table, while the LED is the fundamental parameters of segmentation is the led display industry in the future. Speaking to display uniformity and .clarity of the relationship, the industry is often a misunderstanding of understanding, namely to resolution alternative definition. In fact, the display resolution is the human eye on screen resolution, uniformity (SNR), brightness, contrast, and so many factors of subjective experience .. Simply reduce the physical pixel pitch increase resolution, to the neglect of uniformity, to improve the sharpness is without a doubt. Imagine a serious "dust effect" and the "mosaic phenomenon" screen, even if it's a physical pixel pitch and then small ., high resolution and then, nor is it possible to get a good image clarity. Therefore, in a sense, the present constraints led screen sharpness improvement was "uniformity" instead of "physical pixel pitch". 3. .display pixel out of control . Display pixel out mainly LED fail -Electrostatic discharge is the biggest incentive for failure Result display pixel out for various reasons, the most important reason is that the "failure" LED. . The main LED failure can be divided into two areas: one is the quality LED itself; the second is the use of improper methods. By analyzing our conclusion LED failure modes and the two main correspondence between. Above we talked .about a lot of failure usually LED to LEDs general inspection tests cannot be found. In addition, at the electrostatic discharge, high current (junction temperature caused by too high), the improper use of an external force, etc, many LED failure is in .the high temperature, low temperature, the rapid pace of change in temperature or other adverse conditions, due to the LED chip, epoxy resin, bracket, leader, solid Crystal glue, PPA Cup etc materials thermal expansion coefficient of variation, raises its internal stress .in different, therefore, LED the quality inspection is a very complex work. These factors are interrelated and that will affect the display of quality and longevity. Customers in the selection screen, but also a comprehensive study, to make the right judgement .. Effect of temperature on the large screen still further, assume that the customer purchased a 6 m wide and 10 m high (60 m2) with large screen, while the total area is not large, but the internal composition of the unit ., the unit of temperature between the boxes are not necessarily proportional to the temperature inside the box will also be affected by the impact of air convection temperature not consistent, causes the cell box or cell body temperature, brings the productivity of semiconductor devices, which reflected .the glow brightness LED lamp, look for "flower" screen. Furthermore, for purposes of GaN-based LED, electrostatic discharge is the largest of its failure. Electrostatic discharge led LED failure mechanism is complex, equipment, tools ., containers and the human body are possible with electrostatic and electrostatic discharge, this at least several hundred volts, the tens of thousands of volts, the discharge time in the nanosecond level. We display production, installation, use the blue green tube failure, often .LED-PN knot was to electrostatic discharge breakdown. International Association of strictly defines the static electricity standard electrostatic discharge mode, mainly divided into human body model (HBM) discharge and machine model (MM) discharge. Our devices for electrostatic discharge sensitivity (ESDS) .is divided into three levels (human body model): 1-level 0 ~ 1999V; level 2 to 2000 ~ 3999V; level 3 above for 4000V. Normally LED by electrostatic discharge sensitivity in human mode in several hundred volts ~ tens of thousands of volts .and in machine mode only several dozen volts to around 500 volts. LED display screen as a production complex, difficult, electrostatic discharge, LED Electrostatic discharge sensitivity should choose level 2 or above is completed (human body model), .and electrostatic protection must run through the whole production process. 4. life . LED life determines the display's life From the device manufacturer, and device applications to improve both LED life Led .display monitor's life is determined by many factors, however, many factors contribute to the end of life is that you can spare parts (such as switching power supply) for replaceable to continually extend life. While the LED is not likely to be a replacement, .so that once LED life comes to an end, it means that the display of the termination of life. Certain sense LED lifetime determines the life of the display. LED life usually in luminous intensity attenuation to initial value of 50% of the time period for .life. LED as a semiconductor material, it is often said that 10 million hours of life, but that is under ideal conditions. But in the actual usageThe following is not. We have a simple test method and calculation formula can calculate the life of the .LED: the LED is placed in the actual working environment under the same conditions, and 1000 hours of work of the measured light intensity of initial and final values, then the formula will be launched in the life of the LED. We selected some famous brand .blue pipes in ambient temperature to 50 ° c, current 20mA environment 1000 hour measured after the final value is the initial value, according to 0.88 × formula we can figure out the blue tube in this environment of life-5422 hours. We .say that LED the life of life decided to display, but is not to say that LED life equal to the life of the display. Due to display screen work not only LED every day work at full load, display in normal play video programs, the .display's lifetime should be LED lifetime of 6 ~ 10 times when working in low-current LED of life can be even longer. Therefore, the choice of the brand LED display lifetime up to 5 000 hours or so. How to make LED .lifetime longer? under normal circumstances we can from the device manufacturer and device applications on both hands. Terms from the device manufacturing: select high-quality epitaxial materials; increase the chip area, reduce the current density; balanced current density; reduces thermal resistance; .choice of good performance and anti-UV ability strong packaging materials can make the LED for longer life. Terms from the device applications: thermal design as from the module to the project or even a future system maintenance; lower Centre LED current; .properly configured, the base color LED LED synchronization attenuation are can extend the service life of LED. 5. energy consumption and energy efficiency . The led luminous efficiency, reduce energy consumption is the development direction of the .display . LED as a green, energy-saving light sources increasingly favor Improve the led luminous efficiency, reduce energy consumption is a led screen display technology an important direction of development, it has the following positive significance: first energy .saving, emission reduction, protection of the environment; the second is to reduce power and capacity, power equipment and cooling device inputs; 3 save electricity bill reduction of operational costs; fourth, the lower the temperature display; the fifth is slowing the speed LED .attenuation; VI is to improve the system reliability; seven was to extend the life of the display; 8 is to reduce screen-parameters of drift, stable image effects. Led luminous efficiency (ie external quantum efficiency) is LED in quantum .efficiency and escape rate decision. Today, LED by internal quantum efficiency is as high as 90 percent, but due to the low escape rate, so external quantum efficiency become bottlenecks to improve led luminous efficiency. In order to break through the bottleneck of restricting the .development of the industry, many innovative solutions are proposed, at the same time has the theoretical verification, most of which have entered the pilot phase, some have been successful, and ultimately of industrialization has laid a solid foundation. LED as a .green, energy-saving light sources for people of all ages, as a mainstream media, the leading display technology of the future. In short, the device manufacturing and device application itself is a complementary opposites, devices and technological progress has brought .to market and application market prosperity needs is the device technology and progress of the eternal power. Let us work together on downstream businesses, open up a new LED display technology for the future. .

Weak current College】【the air conditioning with cooling technology law questions and answers reference 4 --- Power By】【China power house network.

151, typically, single-stage freon compressor maximum compression ratio should not exceed 8. (X) 152, single-stage vapour compression refrigeration system can only achieve the evaporation temperature-20 ~-40Oc. (∨) . 153, two-stage compression-compression refrigeration system usually uses the level throttling intermediate full cooling loop. (∨) 154, at the level of throttle intermediate full cooling system, high pressure compressor suction is intermediate pressure hot steam .. (X) 155, intermediate incomplete cooling high-pressure compressor suction temperature will be higher than the intermediate full cooling of the air temperature. (∨) 156, R717 maximum pressure difference to Pk-Po ≤ I. .6Mpa. (∨) 157, R22 in high condensing pressure of maximum pressure difference to Pk-Po ≤ I.8Mpa. (∨) 158, single-stage compression refrigeration system uses standard evaporation temperature-81.5oC refrigerant .R13 to low temperature, producing-75oC. (X) 159. using R22 and two-stage R13 compression system consisting of cascade refrigerating system, its evaporation temperature up to-70 ~-90Oc. (∨) 160 ., using two-stage compression system consisting of multiple overlapping refrigeration system, low-temperature extraction-140oC. (X) 161. using ternary complex stack of refrigeration cycle can obtain-120 ~-150oC at low temperature. (X) . 162, two-level vapour compression refrigeration cycle start the steps are: first start the low-pressure compressor, and then start the high-pressure compressor. (X) 163, R717, two-level vapour compression refrigeration .system should take intermediate loop incomplete cooling. (X) 164 and cascade refrigerating system startup step is: first start the temperature section, and then start the low-temperature parts. (∨) 165, low-speed air .conditioning system with air channel system pipes wind of 3 ~ 5m / s. (X) 166, without changing the humid air enthalpy-Sik, the wet air temperature, air humidity. (X) 167, to air .enthalpy implantation unchanged conditions reduce the temperature of the air, it should be on the air humidification, ie increases the moisture content. (∨) 168, refrigeration and air conditioning equipment product nameplate marking of cooling capacity to the actual cooling capacity. .(X) 169, air conditioner, heat pump for heating and electric heating consumes power, according to the law of conservation of energy, consumes the same amount of energy they will get the same amount of heat. (X) 170, air conditioner evaporator temperature, low, and the greater the difference in indoor air, indoor air, the faster the temperature dropped. (X) 171, use R22 of air-cooled air conditioner, the compressor suction and discharge .pressure of maximum pressure differentials not exceeding 1.56Mpa. (∨) 172, using R12 refrigerant in the refrigeration equipment, the refrigerant in the evaporator of evaporation temperature-29.8oC. (X) 173, high-temperature food .refrigerator of applicable temperature adjustment range 0 ~-10oC. (X) 174, low temperature test equipment can provide-80 ~ 80oC temperature environment. (X) 175, high and low temperature test equipment used for the simulation .of climatic conditions on the ground, environmental test equipment for analog high altitude meteorological conditions. (∨) 176, mechanical freezers are direct evaporative air cooling to control the temperature inside the car. (X) 177, insulated refrigerated .vehicles only and urban urban, suburban and short-distance transport, use limitations. (∨) 178, mechanical refrigerating cars can maintain passenger compartment temperature-15-18oC. (∨) 179, ice refrigerator car can adapt .to a variety of fresh freight, railway transport of frozen goods. (X) 180, marine refrigeration equipment manufacturers must comply with the State of the marine construction norms and classification societies. (∨) 181, ship refrigerated compartment .refrigeration system and food refrigeration system are often designed as parallel systems for emergency purposes. (∨) 182, China's marine refrigerated container mm1A-built-in refrigeration unit type refrigerator. (∨) 183, absorption chiller energy jump ., has many advantages. (X) 184, chillers with a piston, screw and scroll, centrifugal, absorption, and many other categories. (∨) 185, inverter type air conditioner circuit will input single phase AC 220V .50 Hz is converted to a different frequency single phase alternating current. (X) 186, inverter type air conditioner use converter to change the compressor speed for compressor capacity control. (∨) 187, constant temperature and humidity controlled .indoor relative humidity of the air conditioner is 50% ~ 70% control accuracy of + -10%. (∨) 188, Cabinet cooler can control the indoor temperature is 18-25oC, control accuracy +-1oC. (X) . 189, hot and cold air blower can be cooling, dehumidification, heating, humidifying. (X) 190, machine room exclusively used air conditioner to meet 30 ~ 60 / h high ACH requirements. (∨) 191, centralized air conditioning air-conditioning room General requirements remain greater than the positive pressure 50Pa. (X) 192, centralized air conditioning system also known as full air system. (∨) 193, room air conditioner .compressor motor with a phase motor, generally do not set a specific start unit. (∨) 194, Toshiba refrigerator temperature sensor is a negative temperature coefficient thermistor, when the temperature decreases to increase its resistance. (∨) .195, split-type air conditioner control circuit from the primary circuit and outdoor side circuit made up of two parts. (X) 196, Toshiba refrigerator power circuit, DC voltage for relay use 6.8V, DC 14V voltage workers three- .tube and integrated circuits. (X) BR> 197, Toshiba refrigerator when exposed to temperatures gradually decreases, temperature detection circuit output voltage Us will improve. (X) 198, Toshiba transformer T801 refrigerator will input AC 220V voltage to voltage DC .16V. (X) 199, air-conditioner choose strong cold or weak cold is the fan speed by varying the indoor, change the exhaust volume. (∨) 200, heat pump air conditioner defrosting by reversing valve to .achieve, it is not necessary to separate the temperature of heating wire to defrost. (∨) .

Wednesday, January 26, 2011

【 Weak current College 】 100 decoration tips (2)

Third, woodworking
53, to the best drying larch keel
54, large wood bought dried after going to sawing
55, woodworking approach to playing the House horizontal lines
56, color Panel came in to buy the paint brush, prevent dirty
57, ceiling fans can't install in ceiling keel
58, color Panel construction to advance pick color
59, suspended ceiling of hanging bar distance wall shall not be greater than 300
60, gypsum board with countersunk head self tapping screws, into the plate surface 1 ~ 2MM and anti-rust treatment, not gun nail
61, gypsum board, the distance between the nails must be no greater than 200
62, gypsum board walls to and 3 joints for crack treatment
63, gypsum board Yang Kok Department preferably done Yang Kok bar protection
64, wooden doors down from emerging Office to paint
65, the bottom of the toilet door set to brush waterproofing
66, door size should be consistent
67, try not to let the wood furniture, do not do good
68, cabinets to buy whole, wood do not design is out
69, the dimensions must be considered good, looks more trouble
70, own movable door do dark orbit, then no way maintenance
71, bathroom small try sliding door, do not open the door, the local
72, unsure of carpentry must communicate with the foreman, never let them up front
73, money in your hand is the clincher
74, with the baby, glass to use less
75, be sure to let workers look drawings
76, kitchen drawer is useful
77, floor joists smoothness is 5MM
78, wool paved floor to 30 ° or 45 °, plates and plate between 2 ~ 3MM, sewn to stagger the
79, floors and walls to leave between 8 ~ 10 mm joints
80, composite floor length exceeds 8M to consider expansion joint
81, use density Board do door set
82, hinges and hardware must use good
83, Yuba to mounted on wood joist, cannot be directly mounted on the ceiling
Fourth, painter
84, dark LaTeX construction try not with water, or prone to chromatic aberration
85, gypsum board joints to bandage
86, walls have gaps to really cool cloth on better
87, original wall some PuTTY preferably eliminate, or brush again glue seal-solid
88, try to buy a brand of paint, decoration companies recommend or foreman recommended no famous try not to use
89, weather, not too wet, paint brushes
90, paint, coating and grinding to completely dry out after
91, next paint construction will have to wait for the first line after the paint dry
92, metal surface oil paint to do anti-rust treatment
93, the weather is too cold, painted the construction quality is poor
94, doors, paint, use masking cleaved hinge and lock
95, it was so hot, it is necessary to pay attention to ventilation
96, wallpaper, the wall brush boiled oils
97, Schimmel, switch, socket panels removed
98, light, light of latex paint to a complete complement of prone to chromatic aberration
99, tijuexian installed PuTTY and latex paint to fill the gap
100, frosted glass to protect the good with newspaper

【School】 talk about remote meter weak current technical status and development trend of China --- Power By weak home 【Network】..

[Abstract]: Remote meter reading system that is in focus, but also difficult to analyze its current situation, predict its future development of the industry for the promotion of meter reading is important.. [Key words .]: remote water meter, meter reading 2001, the author has published an article "China's emergence and development of remote meter" (after the magazine article to be six., eight sites reproduced).. .In this paper, twelve years after the author has in the national patent office to register the background of six patented inventions, discussed China's emergence and development of remote meter course.. On the remote meter which was passed from the built-in external sensor, .photoelectric sensor from the switch to self-sensing methods to maintain a description and analysis are done.. When three years, analysis of past research that we have a role?. The original authors believe that the most advanced remote from the meter to keep switching .it still advanced?. On the future of the remote meter is accurate forecast made?. This will make elaborate.. One. Pulse current situation and development of remote meter First of all, .including two pulse sensing method has been largely eliminated from the meter reading area, and they are the optical sensing methods and Huo. Seoul sensing methods.. Tends to eliminate the reason is because: 1. With the reed, and other .contact sensing methods, with high power consumption of the shortcomings of their own, which makes some of the needs of micro-power operation of the occasion can not be used.. 2. Fibrillation threshold in error can not overcome the shortcomings of the signal. ..3. External power supply is for the inconvenience and trouble.. Course, the Hall sensor way through a decade of updated sound, if not better than the way it appears, it may also be retained.. However, compared .with the self-holding switch, Hall sensing methods in reliability, accuracy, micro-power, low cost, etc. are not dominant, which makes the Hall sensor means losing the last space.. Contrast, the optical sensing methods ., not to mention clumsy and defects, and past year and more still in use almost hear the sound.. Single reed switch sensor means the already "notorious", the disadvantages can not solve the contact bounce less insensitive multi- .counting and counting sensor problem.. Applied to the scene a few years ago nearly all of these products are abandoned or replace them.. However, some people do not know the business and the pursuit of accuracy is not the case, there are still people .in use.. Compared with the double-reed pipe alone reed switch with a significant improvement, the author of "China's emergence and development of remote water meter," an article that made their own invention (patent number of .a high precision meter.: 99206865.7) structural principle is described in detail.. In actual use, the double reed sensor there are still some problems.. 1. The reed sensor sensitivity limitations, there will be discarded weak magnetic data, magnetic induction intensity .of the same problems.. 2. Collector detected on two switches, which need to add an interface like any other remote tables as if on the short circuit, open circuit, also were detected, then it will be more complicated.. 3. For .the external magnetic field, which is neither easy to external magnetic shield, not a self-function.. "China's emergence and development of remote water meter," a text, with the larger space of the self-holding .switch demonstrated the superiority of remote water meters.. The first time in three years, although the remote method is technically still retains its original features, but in the production process has done a lot of improvement and amendment.. Type of product specifications to the .hundreds of species of mold manufacturing reached a hundred of the actual use has spread from the original thirty thousand to five hundred thousand or more, and to promote faster expansion.. Far from the meter to keep switching from one technology project is completely transition to a .mature product, but also rose to a certain well-known brands of merchandise.. Its accurate, reliable, low cost, easy to use as the leading edge of the meter reading market.. This process is thought of the idea three years ago exactly ... To keep switching from the remote meter remote water meter will be the mainstream product.. II. Direct-reading current situation and development of remote meter reading remote meter straight .; divided into four types: photoelectric, contact type, camera type, count type.. They have two common advantages: 1. Table with the data is read out on the data displayed on the dial, not the pulse.. 2. Usually do .not need electricity, just read the moment in power, therefore, not afraid of power outages.. In theory, it is always read data and dial data synchronization.. Therefore, direct-reading before the year 2000 the concept of remote meter generation, .by 2002 the scene after the application of the actual product, has been tracking people's pets and attention.. By 2003, the national standards setting process is also specifically incorporated into the direct-reading the concept of remote table; the direct reading remote table appears ., "Remote pulse vitality of the table whether there are" big on more. its attention to a climax.. Remote meter direct-reading photoelectric type as the first, its structure by: a water wheel in each week to .set up five reflector surface, the location of the corresponding set five Optocoupler. device.. Coupler is reflected by total number of rounds to determine the location.. Want to read a few words to the installation of wheel sensors.. For example: Read .5 digits on the installation of 5 × 5 = 25 of the sensing device.. This direct-reading water meters in the table because all devices are within the wheel around the core, therefore, generally use the dry water meter.. .; Remote meter reading directly contact the structure by: dial in the meter pointer, a pointer to each of the following axis potentiometer fitted with a synchronous, measured by the contact resistance of the potentiometer to determine the pointer. position.. This direct-reading .water meter water meter can be used wet.. Camera remote meter direct-reading method is relatively simple structure, the mechanical wheel display window to install a camera to shoot digital images can be heard.. Remote direct .-reading meter count is collected each pulse of the chip installed in the water, through the battery to maintain its work, the records and the accumulated data is stored in the chip, the data read from the chip is synchronous data dial ... < .; BR> In addition, there are direct-reading remote meter reading and other types of bar code directly, not discussed here.. Although the direct remote meter reading has outstanding advantages, but they popularized the practical effect is not satisfactory ... Comprehensive analysis of the problems, about the following: optical, two ways to contact terms of structure too complicated.. 1. The value of existing civilian water conditions, to create such a high precision products, the cost to an acceptable level and .the market itself is a contradiction.. 2. They have changed the standard meter of the original structure, the accumulation of human beings for decades to create a "standard, reliable, sophisticated, mature," the perfect product to be destroyed. .. Can the short term to establish a new, mature structure and standards, is questionable.. 3. So complex products in large quantities and can stand the test of long life, yet to be discussed, has been exposed many problems.. < .BR> Camera direct-reading water meter water meter does not change the original mechanical standards, the structure is relatively simple, but the image processing is too complex, the image of the fuzzy numbers into digital is also difficult.. Many of the current bus .system, sub-wire meter reading systems are not common.. Produced in more than an idea in three ways, namely: additive instead of a mechanical electronic accumulate.. Why?. Why should we care easy to ask difficult, .the development of electronic technology to this day, do not even have a "cumulative" are not complete it?. Following direct-reading counter arguments about remote meter.. Remote meter existing switching module plus a micro chip and button .batteries.. Accumulation can be made to store data, but also remote meter communication to send information.. Its output is only two lines, as long as a connection to the bus to complete the full installation, meter reading at any time transfer station will .be able to read meter data.. Its function and role of direct-reading table with the first three are the same, each meter can work independently from the bus, even if the external stop electricity, water down the line, water moved a bit ., do not affect the meter count.. With the success of its current three mature technology.. 1. Self-holding switch is admissible.. 2. Lithium accumulation of memory chips support.. 3. Standard communication protocol of the bus transfer. .. Because these technologies are experiencing a few years, decades of proven technology, and in the production process, raw material supply and service system, and so fit with the conventional products.. Therefore, its success "winner.". < .BR> Remote direct-reading meter count will be the direct remote meter-reading the mainstream products.. Third, there is no mature products business success no remote meter reading is a very difficult .high-tech systems engineering, not business property, and certainly not "pass reselling.". On the rare technology breakthroughs against those who have been advertising a big fuss on the "speculation.". Industry in the meter reading, .eating too much this loss of business, a typical IC card water meter is the promotion process.. IC card water meter unit of ten years ago with research and development, R & D unit in 2000 has reached hundreds, advertising Chaozuo also follow.. .2002 is a strange phenomenon occurred: those strong, skilled, experienced voice of the old R & D units smaller and smaller.. Those who are just joining the business, no experience of the "greenhorn" (not tasted that bad) are still .in there yelling, it seems the market today won.. This, the authors propose the following for reference: 1. Do not blindly pursue passive remote water meter, remote meter active denial.. Active remote meter .the problems has been the new micro-power technology and battery technology solution, has entered the mature period.. It's simple, cheap, universal and so the market has formed a mainstream, not be replaced.. 2. Do not .blindly pursue the bus system for meter reading, deny the sub-wire meter.. Sub-wire meter reading (ie, remote meter pulse meter reading directly) itself is not abuse.. Some aspects of the past perfect because the product caused a bad .influence.. Past two years, these problems have gradually been resolved.. Its versatility and low cost advantage will make it a long time dominated the market.. 3. Do not blindly pursue the kind of built-in sensor- .type water meter look pretty remote.. Five years ago, many are built-in remote water meter sensor, the design of the author is no exception, but pretty difficult to use.. By the external sensor built into it is being applied forced out .of practice, some ways an improvement, the appearance of a beautiful business here can not be bothered.. 4. Wireless remote water meter pilot should start gradually.. Proved that the products in the remote meter, .regardless of technology, product, or process, and can achieve any substantial progress a little bit is very easy.. Who wants to solve all problems in one step, one who will put myself into situations, and even premature eliminated.. This requires many .technical staff of concentrated solid, rather than the operation of business early on ...

Weak knowledge of building control