【 Weak current College 】 enterprise-level video conference system five top technical details

According to the market advisory company WinterGreenResearch forecast, the unified communications market development cycle is about to step into the healthy growth and rapid application of the stage. In 2008, the market may achieve 15% growth in 2009 will grow by 30%. And video in the enterprise-class unified communications deployments will be uncompromising black horse.
Traditional enterprise video technologies include: MCU, H. 323, frame relay, and IP network-based video application, would bring more rich functionality to the user. But to successfully use these features, the user needs to some new hot technology to give more attention.
A LPR: get stable video stream
Unified communications enterprise voice, video and data synchronization hosting over IP networks to transfer the video data packets, which inevitably encounter network packet question. Packet loss will result in video image mosaic; image local deformation, frequent refresh or flashing screen; video and audio are not synchronized; frame rate drops and the still image. In unified communications, video, voice and data flow is synchronous transmission, packet loss will result in overall audio distortion, continuous or intermittent noise, as well as the quality of the content of the presentation, such as fuzzy distortion of slide or page slower, etc. These issues will significantly impact the consumer experience of application. If the network packet loss rate is too large or too frequently, will cause the excessive delay for video communication, or even result in loss of communication.
Packet loss is congestion by internal or external network priority flow caused by the conflict, etc. To avoid loss, it is first necessary to determine the host network packet loss rate, packet loss distribution over time, as well as a video call in various terminals and equipment performance.
LPR (packet loss recovery) is the current resolution of video transmission packet loss of one of the most effective method, the technology is based on Polycom company developed a new algorithm, with the aim of protecting IP video call from the effects of network packet. In fact, LPR is a use of forward error correction (FEC) method to override the implementation of lost packets. By the sending system to issue a data stream to add redundant data so that the receiving system can detect and correct the error without having to request the sending system to transfer the missing information. This is not required to wait for the network will have the ability to correct, make the FEC is ideal for real-time communications, such as television broadcasting, IP telephony and IP video conferencing.
LPR works through video Terminal control all ongoing calls inbound packet information. Once detected, packet loss, the terminal will take three means to guarantee call quality: lost packet recovery (LPR), the dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA), and does not support LPR, using the traditional video error yinxiao (PVEC) technology.
Unlike most mistakes avoidance algorithm only yinxiao or intervene in receiving packet loss information system, LPR will intervene to video call in all levels of the system, part by temporarily assigned to a call bandwidth data channel, which is used to send FEC data to the receiving system to play a role. In the network packet loss occurs, a loop through the above process, LPR will increase or decrease the size of the FEC data channel until you find must be assigned to the FEC data channel minimum bandwidth, allowing the receiving system to be able to recover all lost packets.
When the FEC data channel is larger than the standard value, the system will detect whether you can reduce over FEC data channel size for audio, video and content data provide more bandwidth available on the phone. Since LPR only detect packet loss will only be occupied bandwidth, this feature makes the LPR is great for random or unexpected packet environment.
Against packet loss rate relatively fixed network environment, the dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) function in conjunction with LPR. DBA is also a kind of algorithm, you can video call process automatically and dynamically adjust the video bitrate, to eliminate or avoid packet loss. For example, in a video call 384kbps detected a stable at 10 percent packet loss rate, the DBA will decrease by about 10% of the video bit rate to minimize by 320kbps 288kbps left and right, and resampling signals, to see if there are packet loss. If necessary, the DBA can further reduce the video bit rate, until a few seconds until it no longer appears lost packets.
At lower bit rates, if measurement of packet loss for the DBA temporary phenomenon, the DBA will gradually increase the video bit-rate. Conversely, if the DBA continues to detect packet loss, it will no longer resize video bit rate, but will continue the call. Therefore DBA applies to Internet overuse or throughput problems caused by packet loss environment.
The parties involved in communication systems do not support LPR, you can use video error yinxiao (PVEC) feature. PVEC is an IP video quality of service (QoS) algorithm, it can by packet loss effects caused by the compensation. It is through the use of neighboring macroblock, front frame and the rear frame to estimate the current contents of the video frame. And LPR recover lost packets and DBA avoid packet technology, the role of the obscure PVEC packet loss.
On this basis, the LPR that users can BER higher IP networks (DSL, cable, satellite, high conflict and LAN/WAN, etc) for high quality video calls without having to endure the consequences of lost packets. Through the ongoing call rate for temporary adjustment, LPR can protect a video call from short-time network problems. Once the network problem solving, LPR will initiate the call rate or current bandwidth availability, automatic bit rate back to the highest level. This makes network bandwidth can be fully utilized to achieve the recovery of lost packets and transmission of real-time reconstruction so that the audio and video data stream patency, exclude waiting, intermittent, noise or information clutter, more capable of reducing the dynamic jitter buffer space and the associated delay.
But use LPR generates FEC channel bandwidth, the use of the video call itself reduce the available bandwidth. In the low connection speeds, can cause temporary reduced frame rate or resolution.
Restore the scene: a face-to-face experience
Users for video image is clear, the real requirement is that there is no upper limit, which directly led to Cisco, Nortel Networks really really far and the birth of the HP Halo to these products as representative, the application will take advantage of enterprise video-high definition technology, the experience of implementing reduction field.
Unlike traditional video conference system, the most obvious of these products is characterized by its ultra-high-definition resolution. According to reports, the network's system uses three high-definition plasma display, each screen resolution can achieve 1080 × 1080p, than the existing international standards in HD resolution (1280 × 720p) twice, is an ordinary TV resolution 10 times. Provides 6 people at the "virtual meeting" of the network's 3000, each plasma screen required bandwidth in 2 ~ 3 screen between 4Mbps, total needs around 10Mbps bandwidth, ordinary ADSL is not possible to host, so the need for specialized dedicated line access or fiber access. Ultra high performance capabilities of the image with high-fidelity audio, as well as ergonomic environment design, the Cisco network's performance in meeting system to real exchange in every detail, such as "clear the whites, the hairs on the skin, as well as the communication between each other slightly shy look", etc. It is understood that the net prices actually is 7.9 ~ 29.9 million in AMD, Pepsi, GE and other large enterprises.
HP's Halo Studio systememphasizes that can be used for corporate remote simulation face-to-face business meeting. Connect through Halo Halo Studio, each can support the Conference table in front of six persons, the second row of three to six persons, up to 12 people in the meeting size. Each Studio have three plasma display, participants can see and I the same size of the image. In addition, attendees can also use an installation in the plasma display above the 50-inch screen, in collaboration with other Halo Studio staff share their notebook computer files and data. Studio also includes a high-definition picture and video camera, can be used for filming the items on the table and displayed in collaboration on a monitor, real render color, shadow and subtlety. At the same time equipped with phone let attendees can work outdoors and Halo. Studio equipped with broadcast-quality audio and lighting facilities, the participants can use the screen and easy user interface, start by clicking on the mouse. A complex software control system will ensure that Halo Studio easily and seamlessly work together.
HP Halo adopts high-bandwidth, separate connection of specialized video switching network provides full-motion video HVEN experience, which makes global Halo Studio audio or video delay will not be people perception. In order to ensure a 24 × 7, HP provides include: network operation and management, remote diagnostics and troubleshooting, security protection, equipment maintenance and subsequent maintenance and repair services. Users do not need to manage Halo Studio operation and maintenance.
Currently, HP has 18 countries worldwide and has over 60 such Studio.
According to reports, the HP Halo collaboration Studio package for the price of the room is 39.9 million dollars, plus monthly 2.4 million ~ 2.5 million in service fees. At present, the user already includes Halo dream factory, Novartis, AIG financial products, BHP Billiton (BHP Billiton), Canon, and other well-known companies.r>Nortel's ultimate far really (Telepresence) system is fully embodied communication "rendering", life-size screen, HD seamless video effects and StereoSurround sound effects, collaborative multimedia content to show, video multipoint control technology (MCU) recording, archiving, streaming media and high-definition support services. More optimization is that this kind of experience you can demand from two small meetings, to be able to accommodate up to 28 people large meeting room, users can realize high-definition video communication and at the same time seamlessly show film, data tables and other collaborative format the content of the document, is equivalent to a complete virtual people in the Conference room is able to complete all activities. The entire process is based entirely on offsite meeting environment of far from true.
Extreme far really system characterized by modular features; Studio-grade lighting; professional acoustic treatment; no remote control and human-machine interaction control; hidden-camera; microphone and PA system. Each element is designed to integrate fully reflects the technology of seamless and transparent as well as the organic integration of the physical environment, forming a unified environment for audio and video conferences. In addition you cannot shake hands, and face-to-face meetings have no difference.
Nortel is really a standard turnkey, Nortel offers a comprehensive set of services. Including the scene investigation, network assessment, project management, open services, 7 × 24-hour support, and is designed for high-definition system MNOC multimedia services, 24 x 7 meeting booking, proactive remote monitoring, Conference building, confirmation and reporting of monthly remote services.
QoS: high-quality transmission security
In the network application QoS is not new technology, but in video hosting online streaming media QoS is a new hot technology.
Business-to-video technology innovation is streaming media technology into the mainstream of the application. Streaming media playback with strict requirements, the requirements of real-time at specific intervals to decode a specific data cell. Currently streaming media business in a number of issues, such as media files playback pause, mosaic phenomenon, there are a large number of users access a top emergency content server processing difficulties, and so on, these issues are related to streaming media QoS guarantee.
Enterprise video because of the mostly applied to business-critical, and the transmission of voice, data synchronization, network quality with higher requirements. Streaming media QoS needs to address two issues, bandwidth and delay jitter.
It is well known,Video and voice and unified communications is the most consumed bandwidth in the network application. Bandwidth limit on the one hand, affect the quality of video playback; on the other hand, because the streaming media applications consuming bandwidth, and network with other business in the contend bandwidth on the business impact of normal operation.
In addition, IP network for video data grouping store and forward mechanism determines the latency and jitter is inevitable, therefore convective media transport, the end-to-end delay should be controlled to a certain range. Streaming media QoS with advanced video coding schemes, in improving the efficiency of the video data compression, as far as possible eliminate redundant information in the video, making source code output for as little as possible the amount of data, thereby adapting the minimum transmission bandwidth of the network. At the same time, you can provide flexible video quality rating to best adapt to the dynamic nature of the network, as far as possible, providing users with better video quality.
Scalable coding technology increases the encoded output stream, adapted to network bandwidth, the flexibility of dynamic change, multimedia data compression into multiple streams. One can decode, called basic Bitstream, other stream called enhanced layer. They are not individually decoded, but only with the basic layer and its previous reinforced layer combined with decoding, used to improve viewing.
State rendering: implement transparent communication
Reference to presence (Presence), the first thought is QQ, MSN, instant messaging (IM) application. The video is already realized the communication between the face-to-face communication, you also need to get familiar with its state information?
The answer is Yes. Especially in the enterprise business process integration of video communication, Presence technology and video combination will become a new focus on technology. In fact, in the enterprise, individual business processes based on the Unified Communications launch and execution of the process, you can make good use of the State service for dialogue between the transparent communication.
Presence to communicate user status, and the users through a set of devices for communication, such as: online, busy, away, offline, etc. These status information reflects the user to communicate with other users.
A simple Presence as follows: one user (Watcher) subscriptions (SUBSCRIBE) in the interest of another user (Presentity) Presence status, receive subscription request Presentity. Later, when the status of the Presentity changes, he will publish (PUBLISH) your new status, this new status will notify (NOTIFY) to the Watcher.
From a systems perspective, video headend equipment and IM system users have many similarities. For example, the system should always know the front-end device is logged into the system; whether it be user access, and which users access, and so on.
Five protocol compatibility: in the mix in the consolidated
In addition to the video itself a hotspot of technology in the enterprise, in addition to the application and deploy an IP video system, and you want to achieve and speech, data communications platform of"unification", as well as individual enterprise management decision mutual integration of business processes and embedded, faced with cross-network interoperability, cross-functional interoperability and cross-device communication problems.
In theory, the video can provide all aspects of corporate operations provide diverse wealth of services, from the most common meetings, monitoring to broadcast, communications, mobile, and other end-to-end interactive features. To video to promote, in the framework of the unified communications, enterprises can build their own open, performance improvement and powerful information exchange system. But this also brings about another issue, are designed for different applications, may have different protocols and standards, these standards and protocols in a single IP-based unified communications hosting Internet compatibility. Together with the enterprise in the deployment of their video communications systems, hardware and software system has different options, you can build a supporting rich Protocol and is compatible with various standard to achieve in a single network environment to provide more application functionality integrated platform, will become a corporate video deployments are most often in the face of one of the technical difficulties.

【 Weak current College 】 eight characteristics of water-source heat pump

1. in the case of renewable energy technology
Water source heat pump is the use of the Earth water is stored solar energy resources as heat and cold sources, energy conversion of heating and air conditioning systems. Where you can take advantage of the water, including water or river, the surface of some rivers and lakes, and oceans. Surface soil and water is not only a huge solar collector, a collection of 47% of the solar radiation energy, than the human use of energy per year up to 500 times more (ground water through the soil indirectly accept solar radiation energy), and is a huge dynamic energy balance system, the surface of the soil and water naturally maintain energy acceptance and divergence of relative equilibrium. This makes the use of stored in one of the almost infinite solar or geothermal energy. Therefore, water source heat pumps use the clean renewable energy technology.
2. high efficiency and energy saving
Water source heat pump unit available water temperature in winter is 12-229C, water temperature, air temperature higher than, the heat pump cycle of evaporating temperature increases, the energy efficiency ratio also improved. While summer water 18-3590, water temperature higher than ambient air temperature is low, therefore reducing refrigeration condensing temperature, cooling effect of better than-air cooled and cooling tower, generating efficiency. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency EPA estimates, design and install a good water source heat pump, on average, you can save the user 3040% of heating refrigeration and air conditioning of running costs.
3. run stable and reliable
Water source heat pump unit of air conditioning system is the basic guarantee for the full year according to user needs open air conditioning system, especially in spring and autumn seasons are air conditioning transition to work, which is equivalent to four control air conditioning system. In General, water source heat pumps for water temperature throughout the year, relatively stable, its scope is far less fluctuation of air change. Summer water as a source of cold air conditioning, winter as air conditioning, heat, water temperature is constant characteristics, allowing the heat pump unit operation more reliable and stable, but also ensures that the system's efficiency and economy.
4. significant environmental benefits
Water source heat pump uses power, power itself as a clean source of energy, but in power generation, consumption of primary energy and lead pollutants and carbon dioxide emissions of greenhouse gases. So the energy of the device itself is Diao, pollution. Design good water source heat pump unit of electricity consumption, and air-source heat pump is equivalent to less than 30 per cent, compared with electrical heating, equivalent to a reduction of 70% or more. Water source heat pump unit is run without any pollution, you can build in residential areas, there is no burning, no smoke, no waste, no need to dump fuel waste site, and no long distance transmission of heat.
5. multi-purpose a machine, a wide range of applications
Water source heat pump system for heating, air conditioning, also for hot water supply, multi-purpose a machine, a system can replace the original boiler plus air conditioning of two sets of equipment or systems. Especially for both heating and cooling requirements of the building, there is a clear water source heat pump. Some buildings, especially in transitional seasons, part of the regional need for cooling, part of the regional need for heating, water source heat pump can be both cooling and heating, cooling and heating in buildings can be achieved by transferring and balance, not only saves a tremendous amount of energy, and use a set of devices can both heating and cooling requirements, reducing the initial investment of the device. Water source heat pump can be applied to hotels, shopping malls, office buildings, schools and other buildings, small water-source heat pump is more suitable for Villa residential heating and air conditioning.
6. automatic operation
Water source heat pump unit because the condition is stable, so you can design simple systems, parts, plant operation simple, reliable, low maintenance; a high degree of automatic control, long service life up to specially years.
7. easy to gauge and and fees
Air conditioning electricity load in the user location, so convenient for air conditioning of metering and charging. This is the user reasonable use of air-conditioning system saving energy for air conditioning system is fair, just and open and run management assessed air conditioning is very beneficial.
8. save investment
Water source heat pump system does not need to set up frozen room, no large ventilation pipe, no large boiler house and not chilled water system, installation, and investment costs significantly reduced. Water source heat pump air conditioning system, summer tube cooling water for the water temperature is 30 ° c a winter heating 359C, water temperature of only 16 ° 21} C, therefore, water pipeline system can be without insulation, pipe system of initial investment and maintenance costs.

Weak current College】 【traction elevator shafts top spacing on the buffer distance requirements --- Power By】 【China power house network.

Summary: this article under GB7588-2003 section 5.7.1, 5.7.1.1 on traction drive space at the top of the elevator shaft road, on the first GB10060-1993 4.5.1 "buffer top surface and the distance between the hit plate" provisions of the discussion, concluded in 1993 standard GB10060-on weighing and buffer distance setting range does not meet the elevator in various rated speeds are security requirements.

To prevent traction lifts in cabin up running in speeding, leading to the elevator recoil, in the elevator, both settings are: upper station forced deceleration switch, limit bit protection switch, limit protection switch, uplink overspeed protection device, the buffer as a security device, etc. Among them, the CAP bits protection switch and ultimate protection switches are on is through the brake to achieve protection of the safety of elevators. When the elevator car stood at the top level position brake failure, on heavy weight is greater than the weight of the car, the car rolling up the elevator will occur, then the osteotome accident GB10060-1993 the elevator installation acceptance of 4.5.1 "when the cabin stood at the top level position, for energy storage buffer, the buffer with the top and the distance between the hit plate should be 200mm ~ 350mm, for energy-buffer, this distance should be 150mm ~ 400mm". The provisions on weight and buffer distance can meet GB7588-2003 the elevator manufacturing and installation of the security specifications, 5.7.1, 5.7.1.1 of elevator shaft road can guarantee top spacing, cabin and passenger safety? is the analysis of justification.

According to the 2003 GB7588-elevator manufacturing and installation of the security code 5.7.1, 5.7.1.1 stipulates: "traction lifts of wells road top spacing should meet the following requirements, when the full pressure in its buffer, should meet the following four conditions:

A), cabin guide length should be able to provide further guidance should not be less than;

B), the car top highest area of the horizontal plane, and is located in the cabin ceiling projection part well road minimum part of the horizontal and vertical distance between the freedom should not be less than;

1), seated in the cabin on top of the equipment of the highest part of the vertical distance between the freedom should not be less than;

2), boots or wheel, DRAY attachments and vertical sliding door beams or part of the highest part of the vertical distance between the freedom should not be less than;

D), above the cabin should have enough space, the space to accommodate a not less than 0.50m×0.60m×0.80m cuboid prevail ….

Note: Express corresponds to 115% of the rated speed of gravity when V-stop distance of 1/2, namely: 1/2 × [(1.15V) 2, rounded to. ”

It can be seen at the top of the elevator pitch is well road to heavy to 115% V (V: elevator rated speed) collision bumpers as calculation basis, so on to exceed 115% V speed collision bumpers, actual gravity system stop distance of 1/2 will be greater than that based on the standard design of GB7588-2003 Wells road top spacing will not be able to guarantee that car and passenger safety.

It can be concluded that, with different rated speed elevators, on free fall to the speed of up to 115% v on fall distance h, as shown in table 1 (speed listed in the table are: 0.50m/s, 0.63m/s, 1.00m/s, 1.60m/s, 1.75m/s, 2.00m/s, 2.5m/s).

Note: GB10060-1993 the elevator installation acceptance Act applies to the rated speed is not greater than 2.5m/s passenger elevator, the freight elevator.

You can see that the rated speed: 0.50m/s, 0.63m/s, 1.00m/s, the fall distance: 17mm ~ 68mm; rated speed: 1.60m/s, 1.75m/s, 2.00m/s, 2.5m/s, the fall distance: 173mm ~ 422mm. GB7588-2003 section 10.3.3, 10.3.5 stipulates: "energy storage buffer (including linear and nonlinear) can only be used for the rated speed is less than or equal to the elevator 1m/s. Energy-buffer can be used for any rated speed elevator ". Visible rated speed: 0.5m/s ~ 1.00m/s, whatever energy storage buffers or dissipation of buffer, the buffer distance: 200mm ~ 350mm and 150mm ~ 400mm, elevators are not secure.

If the buffer distance GB10060-1993 asked met, can guarantee when the fall from the lowest point, TMAS speed not exceeding 115% V?

Table 2 lists when the fall height of 200mm 150mm, respectively, when 400mm 350mm, speed, and,.

Table 2 on heavy fall height of 200mm 150mm, respectively, when 350mm, 400mm speed

From table 2 and table 3 can be seen when the fall height: 150mm, rated speed: 0.5m/s ~ 1.00m/s = 1.71 ~ 3.42; when the fall height of 200mm, rated speed: 0.5m/s ~ 1.60m/s, = 1.24 ~ 3.96; when the fall height 350mm, rated speed: 0.5m/s ~ 2.00m/s, = 1.31 ~ 5.24; when the fall height 400mm, rated speed: 0.5m/s ~ 2.00m/s = 1.40 ~ 5.60, are greater than 1.15, these situations are the elevator is not secure.

(A) when the elevator the rated speed for 2.50m/s, theBuffer distance: 150mm ≤ S ≤ 400mm, on heavy TMAS to 68 per cent V-112% V, less than 115% V, GB7588-2003 in the space between the top of the elevator shaft road is safe.

(2) Elevator rated speed respectively 1.60m/s, 1.75m/s, 2.00m/s, the buffer distance: 150mm ~ 270mm, 150mm ~ 207mm, 150mm ~ 173mm GB7588-2003 when, in the space between the top of the elevator shaft road is secure, however, when the buffer distance respectively 270mm ~ 400mm, 207mm ~ 400mm, 173mm ~ 400mm, on heavy TMAS speed of 115 per cent respectively V ~ 140% V, 115 V ~ 160 per cent V, 115 V ~ 175 per cent V, are much more than 115% V, GB7588-2003 in the space between the top of the elevator shaft road.

(3) when the elevator rated speed respectively 0.50m/s, 0.63m/s, 1.00m/s, the buffer distance: 150mm ≤ S ≤ 400mm or 200mm ≤ S ≤ 350mm, on the speed of heavy impact bumpers were 171% V ~ 280% V, 271% V ~ 444% V, 342% V ~ 560% V or 198% V ~ 262% V, 314% V ~ 416% V, 396% V ~524% V, are much more than 115% V, can not meet the spacing between the top of the elevator shaft road safety requirements.

(A) when the elevator the rated speed for 2.5m/s, GB10060-1993 provided the buffer distance can guarantee top of elevator shaft road, the elevator pitch is safe;

(Ii) when the elevator rated speed respectively 1.60m/s, 1.75m/s, 2.00m/s, GB10060-1993 standard buffer distance in some distance segment elevator is secure, some distance segment elevator is not secure.

(3) when the elevator speed respectively 0.5m/s, 0.63m/s, 1.00m/s, GB10060-1993 standard buffer distance is too large, the elevator is not secure.

The author believes: GB10060-1993 the elevator installation acceptance "in the buffer to the weight and distance of specific provision is reasonable and does not meet the standards in GB7588-2003 on traction drive space at the top of the elevator shaft road, buffer distance setting should be able to ensure the elevator in various conditions are secure.

【School】 elevator technology --- weak learning goals, important and difficult --- Power By 【China】 weak home network..

<br> I. Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, shall have control and knowledge of the following points: ① Lift the classification and the role of each component.. ② the elevator works.. ③ Use the elevator management and maintenance requirements. .. <BR> <BR> Second, the focus and difficulty of various control methods ① lift characteristics.. ② the elevator works.. ③ Check the requirements to run the elevator.. ④ elevator maintenance and administration of the implementation of the .standards.. <BR>..

Weak current College】 【based on load forecasting of chilled water flow dynamic control technology --- Power By】 【China power house network.

<br> <br> 【Summary】 this article through the existing central chilled water system variable flow control limitations of analysis, based on the load forecasting of chilled water flow dynamic control concept, and a detailed look at load forecasting control of basic ideas and .control principles for central air-conditioning chilled water system variable flow control provides a completely new control technology. <br> Words】 【chilled water flow variable flow control dynamically load forecast <br> <br> 1 existing central chilled water flow control limitations < .br> <br> With the increasing emphasis on air conditioning energy efficiency, variable flow water systems in the air conditioning works more and more. Currently, the most common of frozen water system variable flow control, mainly in the constant pressure control and constant temperature .control. Them to chilled water system of pressure or temperature difference is charged with parameters, using PID (or PI) algorithm control inverters pumps operating frequency, the pump discharge followed accused parameter changes, so as to achieve the purpose of the pump energy saving. .But these two control modes are all of the major limitations: a is charged with parametric limitations of their own, and control the technical limitations. <br> 1.1 charged parameters own limitations <br> (1) the limitations of the constant pressure control < .br> Constant pressure control, is in the frozen water system piping where appropriate differential pressure sensor installed on Δ P, testing its poor water pressure for back and transmitted to the program logic controller (PLC), PLC as a controller, the measured pressure value .and the set pressure value, depending on the size of the deviation using PID (or PI) algorithm control inverter output frequency driven pump speed run, enabling flow control purposes. <br> The advantage of constant pressure difference control is that when the load side .flow fluctuation frequently, because of the pressure differential response time delay of smaller, faster to follow the flow of changes and corresponding changes, adjust the time shorter. <br> Constant pressure difference control of greatest shortcoming, it is a fatal defect, it lies .in the frozen water system load and pressure differential is no direct relationship between the change of air conditioning load does not accurately through changes of pressure difference to describe, in the same way, the pressure differential changes do not accurately reflect the change of air conditioning load .. Therefore, one does not completely reflect the air-conditioning load variation of pressure as charged variable to adjust the frozen water, obviously is not possible to guarantee the frozen water of accurately following the load changes. <br> Chilled water system at the end .of the load of pressure or backwater pipeline pressure difference between is determined by its resistance to the flow resistance, if it does not change (that is, the water does not change), the pressure will not change. Therefore, when the system of water .remains the same, but the temperature of the chilled water flow rate with the person or the outdoor temperature changes substantially change, air-conditioning load has changed, but the pressure difference did not change. At this point, the constant pressure difference control will cause .the system to control completely dead. Therefore, the constant pressure control is only applicable to load changes and accompanied by significant changes in water flow (that is, there is pressure variations), otherwise, the control will be invalidated. <br> (2 .) the limitation of thermostatic control <br> Constant temperature control, is in the frozen water supply and return water dry pipe installation of temperature sensors respectively, backwater temperature detection for, and transferred to the PLC, PLC as a controller, the temperature difference between .the measured values and set the temperature value, depending on the size of the deviation using PID (or PI) algorithm control inverter output frequency driven pump speed run, enabling flow control purposes. <br> Constant temperature difference control advantage is, chilled water temperature .changes of backwater directly reflects changes of air conditioning load. Therefore, the frozen water supply and return water temperature differences as being control variables, you can get the correct control results. <br> Thermostatic control of disadvantage, since the end of the temperature acquisition .points for HotSpot at quite a distance from the chilled water through a loop, the temperature changes to be reflected. Air conditioning pipe usually have longer, frozen water cycle up to a few minutes to several tens of minutes. Regardless of any time, as measured .by the return water temperature TD2 is in fact the last few minutes to several dozen minutes prior to effect of air conditioning water temperature TD1, which reflects a cycle before the load situation, therefore, the same moment the detection of supply and return water temperature difference ., as the accused parameters for frozen water flow regulation, is clearly problematic. <br> On the other hand, because of frozen water system of thermal capacity, inert, temperature response slow. When the load event of catastrophe, or to wait until the .temperature slowly reaction out to produce the appropriate regulatory action, there is a larger control time lag, affected the timeliness and speed control. <br> Limitations of 1.2PID control technology <br> At present, neither the frozen water of poor control of constant .pressure or constant temperature control, are classic PID control. <br> PID control, also known as the PID is the control for proportional, integral, differential control by P, I, D three links of different combination. PID has a long history, .simple structure, easy to use, adaptability, robustness, low investment in industrial production process automatic control field for a wide range of applications, as the main industrial control technology. <br> PID control is a kind of negative feedback control, is charged with .the proportion of deviation signal parameters, integral and differential quantity control, depending on the system, use proportional, integral, derivatives calculated control volume control. Its controller structure and parameters must be based on the engineering experience and field debugging to determine. For a given .accurate model of the charged object or linear objects, it is an ideal way of control. <br> In PID control, proportional, integral and differential effects of three kinds of control. <br> Proportional control (that is, P) has the .advantage that, once produced, the deviation of the controller immediately have control, allowing the accused a variable in the direction of reducing deviation, its control of strength depends on the scale coefficient Kp. <br> Proportional control of drawback is, with the balance .(ie system step response end value is a finite value) of the charged object exists staticDeviation. Increase the Kp can reduce static deflection, but Kp is too large, can lead to a deterioration in dynamic performance and even cause the closed-loop system instability .. <br> Integral control (that is, I control) the advantage is that it can be memory and integral deviation, conducive to the Elimination of static deflection. <br> Integral control weaknesses are: the integral role with latency, integral control effect .is too strong can make the control's dynamic performance variation, so that the system is unstable. <br> Differential control (D) the advantage is that it can be to the deviation, sensitive out deviation differential changes in trends. Increase the role of differential .control can speed up the system's response to overshoot of decrease and increase system stability. <br> Differential control disadvantage is that it interferes with the same sensitivity, allowing the system's ability to reduce interference. <br> PID control by the application process, the .need for different objects to charged proportional coefficient Kp, integral time constant Ti and differential time constant TD three engineering parameters setting. Practice shows that the process of setting parameters, you are actually on the proportional, integral and differential effect of the three parts of the .control. It should be noted that, although there are many PID tuning methods and empirical formula, however, this setting work not only time-consuming, but the interaction between the parameters that are often difficult to achieve the desired results. <br> PID .control cannot solve the stability and accuracy. Increase the control function, can bring variation reduction, improved accuracy, reduced stability. Conversely, in order to guarantee stability, limit control role, but also reduce the accuracy of the control. <br> Moreover, .even if the accused objects tuning a set of relatively satisfied with PID control parameters, when the system load or object property is changed, the control performance is significantly worse, often required parameters. <br> For central air-conditioning chilled water system so charged .object (or process), because of its inherent characteristics of Nonlinear and lag, as well as external environment disturbance of when the uncertainty and variability and other factors, make the frozen water system control more difficult. Generally speaking, uses the PID of this linear .control mode, it is difficult to achieve an ideal control effect, require the use of new technologies and methods of control. Based on load forecast freezing water flow dynamic control technology, is one such new technologies and methods of control. <br> 2 based .on load forecasting of chilled water flow dynamic control of basic ideas <br> Chilled water system due to circulation period longer, coupled with the frozen water of the thermal capacity is very large, therefore, there exists also the delivery of latency, capacity lag. .On such a large delay system, control more difficult to control the process of controllability and variability. Often control directives issued after a water cycle t τ has not been concluded, or charged with parameters (eg temperature) also have emergency response in the future, .the system load and operating conditions may have changed. Control system for the collection to the new changes, and will issue a new control directive, which causes the system to run disorder or oscillation, it is difficult to achieve the desired control requirements. <br .> In order to improve the quality of control delay system, as early as 1957, Smith (OJMSmith) proposed a model-based Predictor compensation control method. Its design is that the process in advance estimate out basic perturbations of dynamic response, and then .by the Predictor for compensation to be delayed the latency τ of charged ahead of feedback to the controller variable so that the controller action ahead of time, thus greatly speeding up the adjustment process, and reduce the amount of the overshoot. <br> Smith Predictor .compensation control method is suitable for a given signal changes in the system output changes. Its greatest weakness is the error on the process model is very sensitive. If the delay-time model and the actual value of the difference between the τ is large, the .system of control of quality will be much lower. And chilled water system variable flow at run time, the cycle time is changing, the delay time τ is changing, and therefore you cannot simply take Smith Predictor control. <br> Chilled water system of .this kind of delay characteristics is objective and existent, unable to change or eliminate, the control system of the output always goes through time τ. But Smith Predictor control methods, to solve one of the effective control of hysteresis, is to make the control function .of the "Advanced" is the implementation of control actions ahead of time. <br> In fact, the early implementation of control actions, many air conditioning management and operations personnel are in use. For example, in the morning before work, many air .conditioning systems will be prematurely. Pre-start time is often based on practical experience's judgement, this advance is to overcome the lag of frozen water system (especially the capacity lag). But early on the number of cold water unit, also depends on the .operator on the next window air conditioning load (chilling) predictive judgment. If the weather is large, or large load changes (such as the arrangement of conferences, etc.). Is appropriate to increase the post count or adjust the power on time in .advance. <br> Obviously, the artificial advance control can better overcome the adverse effects of the delay of the system. If the use of computer technology and modern control technology in place to achieve that kind of load forecasting and early control, creates a completely .frozen water flow control modes-load forecasting control. <br> "Load forecasting control" is based on an air conditioning system load predictions on the flow of frozen water system. The basic idea is, through a comprehensive system parameter detection and analysis of historical .data, forecasts and reasoning "next time" system load and optimal operating parameters, and then under the system of real-time delay time τ, on frozen water system is controlled in advance. <br> "Load forecasting control" completely different from the .current air conditioning energy saving control areas popular constant pressure difference control and temperature error control mode. Constant pressure control mode with constant temperature difference control belongs to "follow the control", that is to follow the deviation of the accused of the variable. Only when .the differential pressure or temperature deviation signal generation, the control system will control signal output. The following control mode, generally only applies to no delay of charged object or process, because there is no time lag, deviations once can be produced immediately correctingPositive. Pressure .control although delay is relatively small, but that is not an accurate reflection of the change of air conditioning load; temperature control can reflect load changes, but delay is too large to control function always lag behind the deviation occurred a delay τ, making constant pressure .difference control and constant temperature difference control are difficult to obtain good control effect. <br> The "load forecasting control" is a kind of "advance control", it was essentially with the following control. It passed on freezing water system water temperature, .water temperature, flow, pressure, and other parameters and outdoor environment temperature detection, use of the database on the various operating parameters for statistics, analysis, calculations and historical data (such as the current moment, the day before at the moment, the previous .week on the same day at the moment of data) on the basis of reasoning predict air conditioning system "future moment" load (cold), ahead of a time τ produce control actions, on frozen water flow regulation, so that the system of cooling .capacity and load requirements of cooling capacity, in order to eliminate the deviation between the supply and demand. <br> Visible, the "load forecasting control" does not passively follow the deviation signal actions, but through the load forecasting initiative to advance a time .τ actions to ensure system cooling and load with cold quantity equivalent, at the time synchronization between supply and demand, thus eliminating the chilling of the quantity and time difference. <br> 3 air conditioning load forecast <br> Application of the "load forecasting .control "technology and one of the key lies in the air-conditioning load of an accurate prediction, it determines the effectiveness and quality control. <br> Due to changes in external meteorological parameters and internal liquidity and other factors, the air conditioning load always .changes, in order to provide a basis for system control, it is necessary for the air conditioning system load dynamically forecast, or predict the load changes, it is the "load forecasting control" fundamental prerequisites. <br> In the control process, mainly .to predict the future day or a week's load change curve, ie short-term forecast. As a result of air conditioning load under the weather and working system to periodic changes in factors, often showing a cyclical variation in the same day each week and the .daily at the moment of the load curve there is great similarity. Therefore, you can use short-term prediction of commonly used methods, namely the classic seasonal exponential smoothing model or improved seasonal exponential smoothing model. <br> Exponential smoothing is based on the .forecast object itself historical data to make predictions, part time series prediction technology areas, it is easy, and have good predictive accuracy. Improved exponential smoothing, and is the basis of the above methods, combined with building air conditioning load and the relationship between factors .- air conditioning load and daily average temperature of the strong correlation between, on the part of the factor was amended, you can further enhance the load forecasting accuracy, and reduce application difficult forecasting model. <br> Air conditioning buildings daily load General subject to .both internal and external factors. Building internal impact comes from the internal production process equipment, electrical equipment, lighting equipment, the human body, the amount of heat and humidity. Building external influence that comes from the Sun's radiation into heat and indoor and outdoor air .temperature difference between the envelope incoming heat. These factors, internal factors were relatively more stable, less volatility, and external factors is not stable, the fluctuation range is large and with the season. <br> Predicting air conditioning load dynamic, you need to .set up a data more accurate, content rich database, therefore, must be on the air conditioning system of the actual operation of large amounts of data collection. Through a variety of sensors, real-time acquisition air conditioning system operating parameters (such as frozen .water supply temperature, water temperature, flow and pressure differential, etc.) and the outdoor temperature, etc. According to these data acquisition, control system for air conditioning system in the entire air-conditioning Intraseasonal daily hourly actual load and the actual daily hourly .temperature data, and use of computer technology and database technology to store statistics, records, and for load forecasting. <br> Air conditioning load dynamic forecast is based on historical data for hourly load and the actual acquisition of the various data and, if necessary ., you can refer to the typical buildings of the hourly load coefficient, estimation of air conditioning system in the future of hourly load and may total load. <br> Take advantage of the full load measured and temperature data, you can fully validation and correction .of air conditioning load dynamic forecasting models to continuously improve the load forecast accuracy. Since the load forecast there will always be some unforeseen factors or difficult to consideration, so must achieve 100% accuracy is not realistic, but through efforts to achieve 90% of load .forecasting accuracy is possible, that is, load forecast values and deviations of the measured values can be controlled in ± 10%. This essentially eliminates the chilled water system variable flow control of blindness and delays in obtaining a satisfactory control effect. <br> Through .the different regions and different types of central air-conditioning systems of a large number of project data collection can be applied to hotels, shopping malls, airports, office buildings, office buildings, factories, and other various types of central air conditioning system load dynamic .prediction model and a typical database, the establishment of a typical building air-conditioning load of time distribution curves, including the daily load distribution curves and curve in load distribution, the "load forecasting control" advanced control mode of the application to create good conditions .. <br> 4 based on load forecasting of chilled water flow dynamic control technology <br> (1) based on load forecasting of chilled water flow dynamic control works <br> "Load forecasting control" is a dynamic control, PID control is not .possible, the need to introduce new control technology: intelligent fuzzy control technology. <br> <br> Based on load forecasting of fuzzy control, the basic idea is to let the computer simulation of the human brain's intelligent decision behavior realization of frozen water of .the dynamic control, it does not have a predetermined fixed charged parameter to the given value, which is to load forecast output value as the basis for the control of fuzzy controller (given value). <br> Based on load forecasting of fuzzy control process .is as follows: <br> When the system is running, through a variety of sensor data acquisition and control related to the operation parameters and pass to information processorThe acquisition of parameters including chillers evaporator flow of frozen water supply temperature TD1, from the end of .the heat exchanger flow back into the chiller evaporator temperature freezing water backflow, frozen water flow TD2 GD, chilled water for back pressure difference Δ P, outdoor environment temperature Tf, etc. <br> Information processor to complete a variety of information processing and current .air conditioning system load calculation of Q and transfer to the load database and load forecasting and comparer. Load the database storage, there is a wide range of historical load data, including recent and earlier. <br> Load Predictor based system of historical load data ., current load data and impact load of outdoor environment temperature, and so on, depending on the model for predicting air conditioning load dynamic, anticipating HVAC system next time (such as frozen water cycle of one week of total delay time τ) load (chilling .) QD, transmitted to the fuzzy controller. <br> Fuzzy controller performs a comparison to be charged with load variable bias and bias change, use of fuzzy control rules library inference rules or rules table, when model human judgement, using fuzzy logic and fuzzy .reasoning method, get access to the expected cold system optimization run QD parameters (such as frozen water flow GD) of fuzzy control values. <br> Inference that optimize operating parameters of fuzzy control value, through clearer (solutions for fuzz) converted to precise .control values, through the implementation of the converter (ie pumps intelligent control cabinet) to control the charged object (schp) number and speed, to regulate the flow of frozen water cycle, time after time τ a / c system required cooling capacity QD. .<br> Then, test time τ beyond actual load (frozen water cooling capacity) and load forecasting, QD to compare load forecasts to assess the effect of control and, based on comparison and assessment of the situation, make the appropriate amendments to the regulation .: <br> When the actual load detected is greater than the projected load, you increase the speed for chilled water pumps, increasing the frozen water, in order to increase the supply of cold, guarantee amount at the end of the cold. <br .> When the actual load detected is less than forecast, the lower the speed for chilled water pumps, decrease the frozen water, in order to reduce the amount of supply, reduce cold extra cold energy transfer. <br> By constantly repeated testing, comparing ., repeatedly amended regulation, can achieve the chilling frozen water system of supply and end load requirements, security in the various load conditions, frozen water system is the best cold energy supply, reduce unnecessary waste of chilling. At the same time, because the frozen .water pump adopts frequency conversion technology that can greatly reduce the energy consumption of the pump motor. <br> (2) based on load forecasting of chilled water flow advantages of dynamic control <br> Based on load forecast freezing water flow dynamic control is central .air-conditioning control areas of an innovative technology that is more suitable for central air conditioning this cannot establish a precise mathematical models of complex systems, able to effectively overcome the inertia of frozen water system and a delay of adverse effects to both smooth and best control .effect of energy saving. The main advantages are: <br> Based on load forecasting of fuzzy control with powerful online calculation function, it detects the temperature of the chilled water flow and load calculation of air conditioning (cold), and direct use of air .conditioning load (cold) as charged with variable, an effective solution to an existing control to temperature or pressure difference to characterization of air conditioning load. As GB50189-2005 the public building energy-saving design standards "section 5.5.4 noted in the article .: "many projects is the total return water temperature to control, but because of refrigeration units for highest efficiency point usually located on the unit a part of the load area, therefore adopts the cold control way than using the temperature-controlled more conducive to the .refrigeration unit in high efficiency energy-saving, running and region is the most affordable and energy efficient control ways. "<br> Based on load forecast freezing water flow dynamic control, is a kind of" advance control ". It uses a database on .air-conditioning load of situation records, statistics, analysis, calculations and reasoning, on the basis of past periods of air conditioning load and its trends, and considering the building air-conditioning load characteristics, outdoor temperature, freezing water cycle, and other factors ., on the future of air conditioning load forecasting and prediction of load regulation of "advance", an effective solution to the frozen water of the large delay, large inertia systems lag problems and improves the stability of the system is running. <br> Based .on load forecast freezing water flow dynamic control, is a "best output energy control" that is based on the quality of services at the end of the "energy balance". It is based on air-conditioning load of predicted values and the deviation of .the measured value, adjust the frozen water flow, and to adjust the effects for dynamic evaluation and revision, to ensure service quality for cold cold supply and demand matching. <br>.

】 【Weak current college building control technology in the application of the energy star.

Building control technology for electromechanical equipment management and maintenance of an essential control technique. It has contributed to improving the performance of construction equipment, and will contribute to building control system analysis capacity, control ability and hardware implementation capacity, in order to truly achieve control integration. In building energy saving trend, building control has already been used as a building intelligent systems in depth and the potential of an important content.
In public buildings, the hotel building is a large energy and electricity cost is usually the cost of inter hotel venues and labor costs other than the maximum expenditure, but most hotels yet the tariff as an important cost control. Tsinghua tongfang as intelligent building manufacturers, in the field of building control technology has a certain amount of accumulation, its proprietary intelligent control system for RH has many hotels success application, short term realized return on investment. The following to have practical project-based, describes building control technology in power-saving, energy-efficient Hotel application status.
First, energy-saving prerequisites: a scientific and rational building control system design
Building control system design of reasonableness will be directly related to the energy saving effect. Engineering design in occupies the entire link, in addition to the common position of the control, in order to effectively control and avoid the waste of energy, you should also note the following:
1. refrigeration unit rate control: in General, water chillers, water pumps, cooling tower is run in parallel. Therefore, the required valve with the start of each unit. In each chiller for cooling water intake pipes installed electric butterfly valve for water chillers stops running off the cooling water waterway. In each of the inlet pipes of cooling tower equipped with electric butterfly valve for cooling tower stops running off the water. In addition, in each of the chilled water chiller return water pipes with electric butterfly valve for water chillers stops running off the frozen water waterway.
2. the by-pass regulation: in chilled water supply and return water bypass tubes retrofit electric regulating valve. When supply and return water pressure difference exceeds the set value, it will automatically start the bypass valve, the water does not flow through unit as part of the coil and by-pass back to chillers.
3. the distribution system monitoring: General high-voltage power distribution systems to measure the main entry of three-phase, three phase current, active power, power factor. Low-voltage distribution system to measure the main entry of three-phase, three phase current, active power, power factor and frequency, active electrical degree. In order to better understand how the building each electrical equipment working state, in the low voltage side of each main outlet circuit for voltage, current, active power measurements, so that the statistics each outlet circuit of the device, power consumption, make energy-saving policy, making the curve.
In addition, you can also consider heat control, heat number control and air conditioning unit control design.
2. energy-saving tips: building control systems control strategy
In reasonable system project design, through implementation of building control technology to achieve each of the electromechanical equipment of the fine, energy-saving measures will be implemented, and give full play to each device for highest efficiency, extend equipment life and reduce operational costs, increase hotel hotel management and service level.
1. the hotel lobby of temperature control: the lounge is the hotel's facade, 24 hours a day for guests and open, there is no time to rest. Need for air conditioning throughout, but air conditioning load is different. Because the passenger Hall distribution between regular, ordinary morning check-in of passengers, noon departure passengers, rendered two regular peak; the rest of the time passengers are more random, this resulted in the lobby space heat load also renders regular fluctuations. Floor control system according to the load curve adjustment control of the State, ahead of time that the indoor temperature comfort, reduce the volatility of energy control dynamically, depending on the time consuming adjustment air conditioning units and water chillers operating condition and efficiency to achieve energy-saving control.
2. room temperature control: room room monitoring should make networking control forms. Guests at the room temperature is regulated primarily by guests autonomy to meet guests feel as first to ren. But in the rest room, air conditioning generally do not completely closed, but open to 1/3 condition, to guarantee the room furniture maintenance and longevity, and maintain the temperature of the whole hotel. Guests at the time of registration software by the front desk and room control system interfaces, rooms air conditioning open automatically and according to the different needs of customers to the room temperature setting an appropriate temperature; guests leave automatic recovery to leave the State. Cleaners or other staff to enter time depending on the status and content of the room air conditioning and electrical facilities adjusted to the appropriate setting State. Hotel in this way you can have the purpose of the control room at the end of the State, to understand customer's habits and avoid a room air conditioner normally open or closed because the air conditioning and let guests entered the room there are comfortable feeling.
3. floor temperature control: most of the hotels, especially in tourist hotels, all have high season and low season. Even in the off-season, the guest's comfort and no changes are required. But then if all the units of the building are open will result in a lot of energy depletion, increase hotel operating costs, or even make ends meet. Therefore, you can rely on hotel management software, self-diagnostics function will guests set to one or several regions, where only the control of the relevant regional devices start.
4. the equipment area and kitchen temperature control: equipment area include laundry room, equipment rooms, etc. These rooms are larger, space, equipment, heat, air comfort requirements, but requested that air flows better, can take away the heat, the device to ensure that the personnel work efficiency and improve the efficiency and life of the device. So fresh air supplies and outdoor ACH volume should be based on room, heat, oxygen to adjust to the appropriate scope of supply must not be blind.
5. car air control: car park of the air quality is not high, so long as the quality of indoor air environment reach the normal value or minimum value. Through the concentration of CO2 concentration, CO and smoke detection of turbidity levels, etc., using a central monitoring system settings for manual and automatic operation, the start and stop sending, exhaust fan, control of air supply and exhaust airQuantity.
6. interior lighting control: indoor lighting generally can be divided into place (Hall, dining room, living room), back office and public space (corridor, toilets). General common control mode: with sequential controller, combining daylight light perception or Lux meter, access to thermal switch gear, build a whole group control type lighting control systems, etc.
Third, the ROI guarantee: high level management and system maintenance
Building automatic control system is adopted on energy management to investors can benefit from the return of hotel intelligent system. Different energy saving technology in economic analysis are shown in the following table:
From the above analysis we can see that the staff of high level management and reasonable maintenance allows energy to produce maximum benefits. The fact is, and is not a smart building with the building automation system will certainly can produce energy-saving benefits, nor is it upfront investment in building automation systems, energy-saving effect is good. Reasonable investment building automation system, product manufacturers on a customer's long service work, such as personnel training, system, remote maintenance, energy management, analysis, and so is the only long-term means of energy saving.
In recent years, with control technology and the development of information technology, building automation products have been made in occupies 60% market share. Domestic building automation products manufacturers rely on local advantages, providing regular after-sales training and remote system maintenance with more prominent advantages. Tongfang RH intelligent control system has been successfully applied in the great Hall of the people, Beijing Hotels, Beijing CBD International Conference Center, kuntai project.
According to statistics, China's average annual electricity consumption in general hotel in 30 000-150 000 degrees, star in a 1 million-10 million degrees, 50 000-300 000 of the majority of users. Use advanced control technology to achieve energy-saving energy-saving management is not just the problems relating to hotel and increase revenue, but rather concerns the social energy conservation and sustainable development. Here, we want our hotel owners and developers a common concern about this issue.

Weak current College】 【machine room exclusively used air conditioner selection guide-Power By】 【China power house network.

<br> A estimation of air conditioners and the cooling capacity, the selected device model is usually to consider the following main factors A-1, engine equipment heat A-2, room area A-3, room conditions (including layers high, seal ., decoration, outdoor installation location, and so on) A-4, local climatic conditions A-5, model specifications rounded unified B, PABX room press switches the "door" or "line" number estimates: 2.4 ~ 3.5kcal / h · .door or line by switch room "area" check: 165 ~ 222w/m2 [150 ~ 200kcal / h · m2] *. switch heat emission increases with traffic, but it does not change; *. in outdoor environment temperature in particular areas such .as 50 ¡ .æ, can be considered per room 8.2kw 100m2 about their dissipation; other climatic conditions need not be considered. C, computer room C-1, according to the estimation of the cooling capacity per unit area: Chinese equipment room in a one-story .building in 290 ~ 350w/m2 [250 ~ 300kcal / h · m2] room in multi-storey buildings 175 ~ 290w/m2 [150 ~ 250kcal / h · m2] Soviet 450 ~ 565w/m2 [390 ~ 485kcal / h · m2 .] United States 350 ~ 405w/m2 [300 ~ 350kcal / h · m2] Japan 407 ~ 525w/m2 [350 ~ 450kcal / h · m2] Note: 1, with the computer, VLSI integrated circuits and chip technology, computer volume are .smaller, more heat emission is significantly reduced, with a corresponding estimation index also require certain adjustments; but as the network technology, requires a computer with more reliable, run more quickly, with a corresponding increase in heat and, consequently, the cooling capacity of .estimation should be combined with the actual situation. 2, for the vast majority of the engine room (equipment General calorific value), not accurate computer room equipment calorific value, the precision air-conditioning selection can be directly follow 290 ~ 350w/m2 or .0.29-0.35KW/m2 (equivalent to 250 ~ 300kcal / h · m2) standards for design, but for security reasons, most cases follow 0.35KW/m2 (ie 300kcal / h · m2) of standard design. C-2, according .to computer room equipment for the heat of cooling capacity: foreign companies tend to complete the installation of computer equipment, electric power in the country is also multiplied by a certain value of coefficient ① host device dissipation 1000NK Q = Q-heat dissipation w N- .host device installed power (kW)-total factor K, domestic equipment 0.4 ~ 0.5; import equipment 0.6 ~ 0.8 ② external device dissipation 1000NK Q = Q-heat dissipation w N-external devices installed power (kW)-total factor K, domestic .equipment 0.2 ~ 0.3; import equipment 0.5C-3, lighting the heat quantity Q = 1000n1n2n3NC-4, human body heat dissipation and powder moisture Q = nq W = nw notes: 1. Because the actual type is often press air conditioners series model .specifications upward rounding, so that you have a safety factor of 3, 4, and therefore the amount of heat is negligible; 2. Other telecommunication room selection you can reference the parameters of the computer room. D, a new air conditioning system at the .following three items in one of the biggest: D-1, press room staff take 40m3 / h · pD-2, maintaining the room interior pressure required air flow through the engine room air conditioning D-3, total air volume of 5% with .underfloor air velocity: 1.5 ~ 2.0m / s overall Underfloor air vent hole area floor area of 0.6% E, commonly used heat unit conversion E-1, pressure conversion 1 bar (bar) ≈ 1 kilogram-force/cm2 (at) ≈ .1 standard atmospheric pressure (atm) ≈ 105 Pascal (pa) E-2, cold energy conversion 1 horse (PS) = 2500 kcal (kcal / h) 1 kilowatt (kw) = 860 kilocalorie (kcal / h) 1 horse (PS .) = 2.9 kilowatt (kw) 1 ton = 3024 kilocalorie (kcal / h) 1BTU / h = 0.2519 kilocalorie (kcal / h) remarks: the above data are derived from the domestic and international variety of design manuals, technical standards and statistical reports ...

【 Weak current College 】 household air-conditioning system design and installation the project discussion

With the improvement of living standards, household central air conditioner is increasingly being accepted, Shanghai residential central air conditioning penetration rate of approximately 10%, already possessed a large market share.
The current Shanghai residential central air conditioning dealer have hundreds, most dealers on engineering installation adopts a guerrilla-style subcontracting, black sheep, and complaints. In a certain sense hampers household central air-conditioning industry, worrisome.
Although the Shanghai quality and technical supervision Bureau released a local standard "household air-conditioning system specification, cover the design parameters, design requirements, engineering, installation and acceptance of terms, however, most of the truly normative action are few step by step. Household central air conditioning including design selection, installation, commissioning and acceptance and post-maintenance procedure runs through the entire sales process, the technology content is high. Design and construction of the need to strictly comply with the Statute, the following is my company in refrigerant more online experience in construction, for your reference.
1. design of the programme must complete the low-down from the owners, in particular the equipment usage must be signed by the owners. Each site must be in service management.
2. the design should be a reasonable selection, fully calculated air inlet duct size and sent back to the Tuyere layout direction, wind speed, air to air the appropriate reasonable, conditional to the noise, with a view to achieve the best and comfortable environment.
3. According to the factory provides technical information, in strict accordance with the standard configuration, the tube diameter pipeline best refrigerant flow velocity in order to achieve the best performance.
4. outdoor unit of inadequate ventilation space spacing, resulting in air conditioning and refrigeration heat protection, heating high load low-efficiency is a major cause of complaints. You must strictly follow the factory on the equipment requirements of ventilation space design, and to consider summer sunlight direct sun, decide the cold in winter, the corridor of the cross-wind, etc.
5. copper brazing does not use nitrogen replacement, copper tube oxide layer peeling is caused by a major cause of road congestion, serious damage the compressor, as many units did not do well, you cannot map easy and nitrogen price is not expensive. Pipeline connection must be holding pressure test, 24 hours after the suggested to leak-and pressure standard 60% retention pressures to construction commissioning phase to prevent decoration inadvertently damage to the pipeline. Holding the attention of the 24 hour temperature and humidity effects on pressure deviation.
6. in some family member works, indoor unit is often installed in narrow aisles, refrigerant interface almost no maintenance space, for this type of unit welding treatment is recommended to avoid using nuts expansion mode interface Office of refrigerant leakage problems.
7. condensate pipe processing, is the simplest and most prone to problems of the node. Condensing pipe arrangement must 1m line, rather than a ceiling, beams, etc. as the reference. Pipe arrangement last to level bar test calibration. In order to dispense with possible future leakage problems, we have adopted a gravity drainage test, every indoor units used container to stagnant water dish irrigation and water outlet water in the same container, the water must be equivalent to guarantee basic no water exist within the pipeline. This work takes a more human, but the effect is evident in our construction of Rainbow Garden Show in the Mandarin garden 2000 table indoor unit without a leaking.
8. According to the construction of acceptance, the condensation pipe hanging bracket spacing should be guaranteed within the 50CM. This space can effectively guarantee the pipeline vulnerable decoration construction of transposition, many ignore this.
Engineering design, construction quality is good or bad, to the user, directly affect the future effectiveness; for us, directly impact the company's reputation and after-sales service costs. In the construction of the human and material resources, would surely benefit from the service.

】 【Weak current College (go) Elevator equipment failure of alternative disposal methods.

After many years on some of the elevator industry, I think it's normal elevator maintenance workers (master) are similar to traditional craftsman-maintenance method, although the elevator malfunction can handle, but generally there is a 1%-5% of the elevator malfunction cannot (or not clever) solution, I think this elevator users and elevator maintenance units have a definite loss, I have worked on some seem special elevator malfunction, use the "alternative" ways basically solved, is an example to illustrate, if you can make the colleagues in dealing with the same failure to draw out the role of nature is my greatest pleasure, if there are errors between the urge to testify against peer generalists criticism.

(1) does not change the basic computer Board can also repair computer easy panic's fault

I believe each elevator maintenance workers have experienced elevator computer crash and not running, check to find out that it is difficult to determine the real reason, but as long as the lift power off after re-power transmission, the elevator was functioning properly, but a few days we have seen that bother you? this is Yes, if you are a little electronic technology based maintenance work, in fact, you can easily panic lift retrofit a simple device that can automatically handle such failures, such as the Elevator Express run signal plus outside call signal or sedan handling and signals in the context of the analysis, when the fruit has a panic situation arises, the device will start the lift power down once and close, such failure naturally no longer appear (or barely can cross the). Believe that wise you must know how to do it, do not know it, and I contact us to discuss.

(2) series a diode, saved a door plate

One elevator use several years normal, reached in 2002 began to fail, expressed as the number of hours run by the elevator door motor does not work, fault display code for the door plate overheat protection, the elevator stops running for about half an hour later and then power on the elevator was functioning, particularly in the summer the temperature is high day may appear several times, after changing the new crane plates. troubleshooting after careful analysis, may be a computer chip parameters changed, resulting in overheating protection, such as door plate chip voltage appropriate to reduce, should be able to reduce chip temperature rise, so in the regulated power supply series after a trial run of elevator normal diode, one year, without fail, believe it or not-write here, I also recall a few solutions, such as the Office computer CPU used by fans to fixed in labile chip, and then pass the appropriate voltage for the cooling, should also be addressed. If you cannot use the elevator room fitted with air conditioning, the effect is more pronounced.

(3) are sound to blame

A factory in Shenzhen longhua has a Shanghai Mitsubishi SG-VF (A) the type of frequency adjustment, normally using the normal freight elevator, from the third floor offers employees a recreation room often fails after the elevator, the Office often has a stereo music, as long as the audio is set, the lift will not be able to close the door, repair work after few months long overhaul are unable to resolve the issue that had to require users to stop using audio. subsequently learned of this after I, to the user after consultation with the user will check the user sound apart, did not find fault, only know that the sound is interference source, so they are metal-Park (central air-conditioning ducts) posts in audio enclosures and Earth (non-Earth yo) after commissioning, audio work completely normal, lift switch can also be freely, dear friends, is a bit too believe.
(4) do not need any interface can also be retrofitted to station clock

I work for an elevator company in Shenzhen, has sold a Shanghai Mitsubishi elevator to HOPE-Shenzhen Public Security Bureau, taking into account their training schools need a quiet environment, at that time did not configure the elevator car to the station clock, Elevator installed the user charge requires the installation of the clock, the captain requested user elevator installation plus RMB 5000 Yuan will agree to complete the installation of the lift, the user also agrees, but after one year still cannot hear elevator Bell, issued to the station because the elevator did not stop the clock interface, buy to station clock does not work, even if there is an interface, but also to reprogramming, I'm afraid is $ 5000, the captain can't have visited several elevator repair expert, but asking price in RMB 12000 generalists and above, an excuse work also reluctant to come forward, it appears that had to be dropped, the captain was informed that I can address some of the electronics and electrical engineering with special problems, with a grain of salt and asked me to handle and clear requirements for the elevator is not required in a few seconds before the Bell, issued also calls the elevator maintenance when running (local train) stop shall not make a sound, and I agree to the price of the RMB 1500 Yuan Gao Ding. my home design three programmes, the last selected a programme for the Assembly, and sure enough to meet user requirements and the captain of the team, so I set this to the Bell named "universal elevator car to stop the clock", the most major characteristic is: can any brand of elevator use, without any interfaces, no need to install any software that is simple, with the exception you can work as interested, to Shenzhen, Zhenhua Group Office building to look at, the elevator is equipped with a Bell.

(5) no computer Board, can go climbing

A few years ago to the day of an elevator installation site to find friends, see installation teams Schindler licensing is installed 3 tons of freight elevator, model, remember that only know is two-speed hoist, lift master guides, car, etc. have been installed, the chef who are debugging lock, and other related facilities, but due to the lift computer Board hasn't arrived (Note: required to wait until the manufacturers represented only bring together when debugging), Elevator, of course, cannot go climbing, to master who brought considerable inconvenience. I therefore to the elevator room watching a while, found that the elevator is a two-speed host motor motor (Note: I'm his first official contact with elevator), so I watch carefully the structure of the elevator, I think that as long as both the lift motor slow winding and electromagnetic brakeAdd the appropriate voltage, the lift must be running slow, I'll use the elevator of the contactor received into reverse control circuit, electromagnetic brake on the 110 volt DC take control cabinet in out-of-the-box, but also through a contactor control, after several lines after the elevator was able to run slow, to adjust layer door, etc. brought exceptional convenience, if you are encountering the same problem, may wish to try it, really quite convenient.

(6) cannot be delivered for erection of wires, the lift alarm signals

Shenzhen Bao'an elevator company maintenance of elevators, school a school called lift alarm signal to the control center of the signal, as the room and elevator machine room are about 350 meters above the sea level, the school also requires no erection difficulty passing by, construction is quite high, the elevator company there is no good way to contact me, finally, I will use wireless handsets are converted, not only can reliably in the elevator car alarm signal sent to the Office, but also from Wired control elevator to return to the first floor (return fire), fully achieved two birds with one stone, interested friends can try.

Weak current College】 【commercial building energy-saving air-conditioning system.

<br> <br> Introduction <br> According to the information displayed, commercial buildings, power consumption statistics air conditioning energy consumption accounted for 40% or more, so how to choose the correct use of air conditioning equipment, air-conditioning system and .do maintenance work, is today an important topic of saving energy. <br> <br> (A), how to choose a central air conditioning system <br> <br> 1. Please choose the high energy efficiency ratio of air-conditioning .cooling EER, host Government Notice minimum standards of the EER value. <br> <br> 2. choose the higher the EER value host in cold water, the more energy saving chillers, in General, EER values, each improving 0.1 can save 4 .% chillers using electricity. Chiller of capacity per hour can be removed from the Interior heat that 1 frozen tons per hour from 3 indoor heat removal, 024kcal (equivalent 12, 000Btu), according to this projection, per square metre room about 0.15 refrigeration tonnes .(equivalent to 450kcal / h), selection of air conditioning refrigeration ton capacity is too large, will make the compressor running time overload, or frequent start, power consumption, and derogating from the life of the compressor. <br> <br> Note .: <br> <br> 1 chiller energy efficiency ratio (EER) kcal / hW = cooling capacity (kcal / h) divided by the test of cooling consumption required power (W), <br> <br> 2, the coefficient of .performance (COP) = cooling capacity (W) / consumption electric power (W) = 1.163EER. 1RT (refrigeration ton) = 3, 024kcal / h. <br> <br> (Ii), how to install a central air conditioning .system <br> <br> 1 chiller should be placed in the concrete foundation, plate or base, leverage and bolted and keep the level to cement flat supplement. Cold water around the host should stay with the appropriate maintenance space, so that future pumping .heat exchanger or cleaning copper tube, and other maintenance work. <br> <br> 2, water pumps and export pipeline pressure gauges should be installed in order to understand the actual operating conditions. <br> <br> 3 cooling towers around should .be well ventilated, must not be blocked, so as not to affect the cooling capacity. Avoid installing the heat, so as not to affect the cooling towers of cooling effect. <br> <br> 4, small cooler installed, water plate shall .keep a certain angle, so that condensation water discharges; air conditioning tank air duct on the air outlet shall adjust the allocation of appropriate, so as to avoid a lack of regional air flow; outlet and return air outlet to avoid too close, so as .to avoid the short-cycle influence the effect of cold room. <br> <br> 5 pipes diameter 65mm following 'use of threaded connections, use the above 80mm welded or flange connection. Drain each meter shall maintain 1 cm of tilt. Cold .water pipes high point or other the necessary, should be installed with an automatic discharge valve; hoses should be loaded low point drain valve for system cleaning. <br> <br> 6, duct in the differences, the differences should be equipment with a .view to adjusting air door and lock. Air tube and return air pipe should be thermal insulation, thermal insulation materials should conform to national standards specifications. <br> (3), how to operate the central air conditioning system <br> <br> .1. air temperature setting range with 26-28 ° c, suitable, and automatic temperature control equipment should be installed so as to avoid the waste of energy supercooled. For regular access to the rooms, the indoor temperature not lower than the outdoor temperature 5 .° c above, so as not to affect their health. <br> <br> 2. daily scheduled record cold water temperature of the host (s) are running, oil pressure, temperature, pressure, temperature, refrigerant pressure refrigerant, current and .voltage, in order to understand the real situation. <br> <br> 3. without prejudice to the refrigeration, moderately improve chilled water outlet temperature, improve the cold water outlet temperature of 1 ° c, about the power consumption can be reduced by .2% water host. <br> <br> 4, should reduce the cooling water temperature setting, each lower cooling water temperature 1 ° c, could save the power consumption of cold water host 2%. <br> <br> 5. .in the first half hour off from work, use cold water and cooling water circulation pump to continue operating. <br> <br> 6 night if a small number of units to work overtime, and overtime should be partitioned only supply air conditioning of space .to reduce energy consumption. <br> <br> 7, cold water system if they belong to the water separation system, and air conditioners use 2-way valve to control the amount of cold water, the pump can be equipped with inverter and number .control systems to conserve energy. <br> <br> 8, underground car park of exhaust air to an additional controller, in non-vehicular peak times setting hourly running for about 15 minutes to conserve energy. <br> <br> 9, .air-conditioning use period closed Windows and doors to prevent cold energy leaking or hot air infiltration, air box back to the Tuyere Department not to pile up incidentals, so as not to affect air quality. <br> <br> (Iv), .how to maintain a central air conditioning system <br> <br> 1, water-cooled condenser tube vulnerable to poor water quality and impact, scale, at least one must be clean. <br> <br> 2. frozen oil oil color .black or impurities, you should replace it immediately. <br> <br> 3. compressor Motors annually recurring implementation of insulation testing. <br> <br> 4. keep refrigerant quantity is normal, if any, should the leak after filling. .<br> <br> 5, periodically check the water pump bearings, and Tim note lubricants, water pump shaft seal Department if there is leakage phenomenon, should fix; import and export pressure gauge damage, should be replaced. <br> <br .> 6. cooling towers to clean once a month. <br> <br> 7, at any time check the cooling tower water, floating ball switch and sprinkler heads correctly. <br> <br> 8, cooling towers into the outlet of .the protection of the network who has fallen off, you should immediately install, so as to avoid significant loss of cooling water and debris falling into the impact of cooling. <br> <br> 9, mini cooler and air handling unit of the filter .should be cleaned regularly every month, and monthly check transmission belt tight and control system is working properly. <br> <br> 10. motor should be periodic maintenance (lubrication), reduces the friction loss of the motor. <br> <br .> (5), central air conditioning system efficiency <br> <br> Central air conditioning systemsEfficiency in addition to choosing high EER value or high COP value of cold water to host regardless of water systems, air systems and energy-saving control to do .the effectiveness of energy saving, briefly described as follows: <br> <br> 1. pump head and flow rate must be compatible with the host of freezing cold tonnage, each frozen tonnage of cooling water needed for 13lpm (literperminute), cold water .quantity is 10lpm and use 70% efficiency pump and high-efficiency motors. <br> <br> 2. air handling unit system fan, 1, 000L / s air power consumption should be below 1.7kW. <br> <br> 3 .cooling towers tonnage to cold water host tonnage of 1.25 times. You can use multiple parallel combination products, combined with temperature control, turn on the operating table. <br> <br> 4. Select the appropriate capacity of motor, General load rate 75 .~ 100% maximum efficiency. <br> <br> 5. air conditioning Division and control, each space or air conditioning use similar (for example: temperature and air-time) of multiple space groups, should be set temperature sensor for automatic temperature .control, as follows: <br> <br> (1), auto-stop: can be used by the personnel of sensors, you can program using the program controller for air conditioning or manual of timer for automatic shutdown. <br> < .br> (2), independent air conditioning area: each independent air conditioning area provide automatic shutdown or control air conditioning, fresh air and exhaust of independent control unit. Each independent air conditioning is not greater than 2 region, 000m2 air-conditioned floor area .and a floor. <br> <br> (3), enclosed car park of the exhaust fan: air is greater than 14, 000L / s, you can design according to the parking space of carbon monoxide concentration (ppm) value, a .fan and stopping control or adjust the ventilation rate, while at the same time when parking lot controller uses strength decreases, the fan will stop functioning or adjust the ventilation rates. <br> <br> (Vi), air conditioning system and energy- .saving design <br> <br> 1. comprehensive province can design: basically, comprehensive province can design should include at least five part of energy saving measures, as follows: <br> <br> (1), apply green building daily energy .saving method; <br> <br> (2), adopt high efficiency air conditioning equipment; <br> <br> (3), design reasonable energy of air conditioning systems; <br> <br> (4), to manage .energy saving air conditioning manipulation; <br> <br> (5), the correct maintenance of the system in the State of the most energy-efficient; <br> <br> 2. air conditioning load: a building, the air conditioning .load characteristics as follows: <br> <br> (1), the number of Office time and use the more fixed, easy to estimate air conditioning load; <br> <br> (2), night overtime should avoid air-conditioning .full open for use supplied to the minority; <br> <br> (3), the small proportion of 24-hour operations space, such as room, computer room, etc., should be more energy efficient air conditioning independently of effects; .<br> <br> (4), General personnel density design reference values for each 7-19 square meters of space, take an intermediate value is 13 m * m / person, room personnel density can be as high as $ 2 sqm per .person; <br> <br> (5), peripheral areas (from within the exterior 5m) of air conditioning load changes is large, air-conditioned design appropriate capacity control you want to avoid the sometimes too cold and uncomfortable and waste of energy .; <br> <br> 3. air conditioning system and energy-saving control design: <br> <br> (1), Vav (VAV) design to some load controller save energy, to control the wind tube static pressure and airflow .fan speed, suitable for static pressure set point at about one-third of the total design of static pressure (a downstream service), when the air is the design of air volume, 50% less power consumption design blower power consumption by 30%. .<br> <br> (2), air conditioning water pumps systems should be designed to variable flow (VWV) control, flow control to the original design flow of 50% or below. In 50% of design capacity, shall have control and .device (for example to change the motor speed motor inverter), so that the water pump power consumption not more than 30% of the total load. Variable flow control or equipment required to control with flow requirements or minimum differential pressure control, differential pressure measurement .point is located in the most remote of heat exchangers or heat exchanger maximum differential pressure requirements. Contains more than one chiller air conditioning cold water system, when the part number chiller is closed, the reduction must be relatively cold water flow to save sent water consumption .. <br> <br> (7), System testing and acceptance considerations <br> <br> Air conditioning system in completion should be performance test, individual air and water adjusted to balance the system to the design point, except for design features ., more energy-efficient operation of the effect, the following is some notes in this regard: <br> <br> 1, system acceptance documents: the system acceptance should have actually installed an illustration of the construction documents, on the record should include .each device location and performance data, wind pipes and plumbing system of General plane configurations, including size and Terminal air or design of water flow. Except that the operation and maintenance manual for at least contain the following: <br> <br> (1 .), each device requires maintenance of the data on the device and select Accessories; <br> <br> (2), every device is required for operation and maintenance manuals, and maintenance of the required clear routine movements; <br> <br .> (3), at least one maintenance agent's name and address; <br> <br> (4), air-conditioning control system maintenance and calibration information, contains the route map, schematic description of the control order, set point, and .so on, need a permanent record in the control device of control charts or digital control system programming in comments; <br> <br> (5), on each system's future operations and recommends a complete description of the set point; <br> .<br> 2. system balance test <br> <br> (1), air conditioning system completion acceptance is required in accordance with the relevant standards for measurement, balance and adjust the air flow and air duct flow and design values of the differences .of less than 10%. <br> <br> (2), the air lineCommission of the balance, the need to first open the door to minimize the damage, then in addition to the variable flow distribution system of adjusting device does not need .to balance out (for example, calibrate the VAV terminal box), and the remaining are to be adjusted to the design of flow value. <br> <br> (3), water system of balance required to first open the throttle to minimize .losses, then finished with a water pump impeller or adjust the pump speed to design flow. Each system should have measured the pump function of the differential pressure or the water pump on each side were left to test. <br> <br> <br .> <br>.

Weak current College】 【escalator elevator automatic sidewalk terminology.

1 scope of this standard provides for elevators, escalators, automatic sidewalk terminology. This standard applies to the development of standards, technical documents, writing and translation professional manuals, textbooks and books.
2 lift type
2, 1 elevator LIFT ELEVATOR service provision; the floors of stationary lifting equipment. It has a car that runs on at least two columns and vertical or tilting angle is less than 15 degrees between rigid rail. Cabin size and structure for easy passenger accessibility or goods.
2.1.1 passenger elevator PASSENGERLIFT for the transport of passengers and the design of the lift.

2.1.2 laden elevator GOODSLIFT; usually it was accompanied by FREIGHTLIFT, mainly designed for transporting goods elevator.
2.1.3 and freight elevator PASSENGER-GOODSLIFT mainly in the conveyance of passengers, but can also be transported cargo elevator.
2.1.4 beds elevator; medical elevator BEDLIFT for transporting beds (including patient) and medical equipment and design of the lift.
2.1.5 residential elevator RESIDENTIALLIFT for residential building with elevator.
2.1.6 service lift DUMBWAITERLIFT; SERVICELIFT service to provide fixed lifting device of the floor. It has a car cabin on its feet the rain and structure, the car is not permitted to enter. Car running on a two-column vertical or inclined angle of 15 degrees between rigid Rails. In order to satisfy the conditions, shall not enter the destination dimensions must not exceed: A) floor area: 1, 00M * MB) depth: 1; height: 1 00MC), 20M however, if the car cabin consists of several permanent interval, each interval is able to meet the above requirements, the height of more than 1, 20M is allowed.
2.1.7 shipboard elevator LIFTONSHIPS ship lifts.
2.1.8 sightseeing lift PANORAMICLIFT; OBSERTIONLIFT wells road and car wall at least the same side transparent, passengers can watch cars car location from the lift.
2.1.9 vehicle lift MOTORVEHICLELLIFT; AUTOMBILELIFT used for the conveyance vehicles designed for the elevator.
2.2 hydraulic elevator HYRAULICLIFT rely on hydraulic-driven elevator.
3 General terms
3.1 LEVELINGACCURACY leveling accuracy over the destination to the docking station, the cabin and on the plane and on the ground floor door plane vertical deviation value.
3.2 elevator rated speed RATEDSPEEDOFLIFT elevator design by car the car speed.
3.3 INSPECTIONSPEED elevator maintenance and repair speed runs.
3.4 rated load RATEDLOAD; RATEDCAPACITY elevator design by car within the maximum load.
3.5 elevator lifting height TRAVELINGHEIGHTOFLIFT; underlying LIFTINGHEIGHTOFLIFT from floor to top floor end station-station the vertical distance between the buildings.
3.6 room MACHINE installed one or more of its pull traction machine and ancillary equipment of private rooms.
3.6.1 room height MACHINEROOMHEIGHT room ground to the roof of the computer room minimum vertical distance.
3.6.2 room width MACHINEROOMHEIGHT engine along parallel to the cabin width direction of horizontal distance.
3.6.3 room width MACHINEROOMDEPTH room perpendicular to the horizontal distance from the room width.
3.6.4 room area MACHINEROOMAREA room width and depth of the product.
3.7 auxiliary room; insulating layers; pulley interval SECONDARYMACHINEROOM; SECONDARYFLOOR; PULLEYROOM rooms well road, room floor and wells road, between the top of the room. It features a cubicle, you can install the pulley, the speed limiter and electrical equipment.
3.8 layer by ticket LANDING on each floor for access-car sites.
3.9 layer station entrance LANDINGENTRANCE in Wells road collision of at least part of it from the station to the car between the channels.
3.10 base station MAINLANDING; MAINFLOOR; HOMELANDING cabin no operational instruction dock station. General is located in the lobby or back-end up standing passengers.
3.11 scheduled base station PREDETERMINEDLANDING parallel or group control control of elevator car no run command, the specified docking stand-by operation of the station.
3.12 underlying end station BOTTOMTERMINALLANDING lowest car docking station.
3.13 top-level end station TOPTERMINALLANDING highest car docking station.
3.14 FLOORTOFLOORDISTANCE interlayer distance; INTERFLOORDISTANCE two adjacent dock station-the distance between the door and sill.
3.15 well pretend WELL; SHAFT; car and HOISTWAY on reloading or (and) hydraulic cylinder piston movement in the cellar. This space is well road pit bottom wells road pit bottom wells road wall and wells road, top-shelf.
3.16 single ladder wells road SINGLEWELL for elevators running well road.
3.17 lot stairwell road MULTIPLEWELL; COMMONWELL for two or two above the elevator runs well road. ]
3.18 wells road wall WELLENCLOSURE; SHAFTWELL used to separate wells road and other places of the structure.
3.19 wells road width WELLWIDTH; SHAFTWIDTH parallel to the cabin width direction well road wall the horizontal distance between the surface.
3.20 wells road depth WELLDEPTH; SHAFTDEPTH perpendicular to the direction of the shaft well road width of the road surface in the wall the horizontal distance between.
3.21 pit PIT bottom end station floor following wells road section.
3.22 pit depth PITDEPTH by underlying end station floor to Wells road, pit the vertical distance between the floor.
3.23 top height HEADROOMHEIGHT; HEIGHTABOVETHEHIGHESTLEVELSERVED; top-end station TOPHEIGHT from floor to ceiling, well road under most prominent vertical distance between the components.
3.24 wells road inner bracket; haunched beam HAUNCHEDBEAM is located on all floors of the station entrances inside well road, below for support layer door and sill are projecting of buildings.
3.25 surrounding well TRUNK of shipboard elevator shafts.
3.26 surrounding well export HATCH in shipboard elevator Wai Inoue, horizontal or vertical set of door.
3.27 unlock car car dock area UNLOCKINGZONE layer station in Kham, extension of range. When the cabin floor in this area can only be opened when the door to door machine movements, driving car door, door.
3.28 leveling LEVELING in leveling range, so that the cabin doors to Campo and layers to achieve the same plane of Kham.
3.29 leveling area LEVELINGZONE cabin stops above and/or below a limited area. In this area you can use the leveling device to keep the car running reached level requirements.

3.30 door width DOOROPENINGWIDTH cabin door and the floor of the waterway fully opened the door.
3.31 cabin entrance CARENTRANCE in car wall at parts, it constitutes from car to layer between the normal channel.
3.32 cabin inlet dimension CLEARENTRANCETOTHECAR car arrived at the stop, car doors fully opened, the measured width and height of the gate.
3.33 cabin width CARWIDTH parallel to the cabin entrance width direction from the bridge cabin floor 1M height measured car wall two inner surface of the horizontal distance between.
3.34 cabin depth CARDEPTH perpendicular to the direction of the cabin width, pitch car bottom 1M height measured car wall between the two inner surface.
3.35 cabin height CARHEIGHT from car floor to the measured inside the car the vertical distance between the top (the cabin roof shade and removable ceiling in the distance).
3.36 lift drivers LIFTATTENDANT specially trained, qualified action card authorization handling elevator.
3.37 passengers NUMBEROFPASSENGER elevator design qualified up to passengers (including driver).
3.38 working stroke WORKINGSTROKEOFOILBUFFER absorber shock absorber piston-compression of the movement of vertical distance.
3.39 spring buffer working stroke WORKINGSTROKEOFSRINGBUFFER spring compression deformation of vertical distance.
3.40 car bottom clearance BOTTOMCLEANCESFORCAR when the car is fully compressed buffer position, from the pit floor to install in the cabin under the Department of the lowest widget vertical distance (minimum component does not include import boots, wheel, safety, and guarding the soles).
3.41 car top clearance TOPCLEARANCESFORCOUNTERWEIGHT when the counterweight in the fully compressed buffer position, from car top highest part to Wells road, the vertical distance from the lowest part.
3.42 the top clearance TOPCLEARANCESFORCOUNTERXEIGHT when the car is fully compressed buffer location to reload the highest portion to the top of the lowest part of the well road vertical distance.
3.43 docking procedures DOCKINGOPERATION under specific conditions, in order to facilitate the loading and unloading of cargo freight elevator, car door and the door is opened, the layer so that the car up from the bottom station, the required distance to run at low speed, with touches of cargo equipment.
3.44 casing dock operation SKIP-STOPOPERATION adjacent two elevators one Office-ladder, one elevator service to an even number of tier points, while another elevator service to odd layer station operation.
3.45 maintenance practice INSPECTIONOPERATION
3.46 lift drag cited type TRACTIONTYPESOFLIFT pulled traction machine-driven elevator, room above the well road for top drag cited type; when rooms well road side to side pulled cited type.
3.47 elevator machine rope drag drag cited HOISTROPESRATIOOFLIFT suspension car number of wire rope and dragged cited round number unilateral wire rope.
3.48 fire service FIREMANSERVICE manipulation fire switch enables the elevator inputs firemen dedicated State.
3.49 independent operation INDEPENDENTOPERATION rely on key lock switch to manipulate the cabin interior button to make car lift operation.
4 elevator parts
4.1 buffer BUFFER is located in the stroke end, used to absorb the cabin the kinetic energy of an elastic buffer security appliance.
4.1.1 hydraulic buffer; energy-bufferHYDRAULICBUFFER; OILBUFFER to oil as a medium absorption cabin or to produce the kinetic energy of the buffer.
4.1.2 Spring buffers; energy storage buffers with SPRINGBUFFER to spring deformation to absorb cabin or to produce the kinetic energy of the buffer.
4.2 vibration apparatus VIBRATINGABSORBER used to reduce vibration and noise of the elevator runs.
4.3 cabin CARLIFTCAR carriage of passengers or other load of car body parts.
4.3.1 car bottom; car bottom CARPLATRORM; PLATFORM at the bottom of the car, the bearing load components. It includes floor, framework, etc.
4.3.2 car wall; car wall CARENCLOSURES; CARWALLS by metal plates and the cabin floor, the cabin top and cabin doors surrounded a closed space.
4.3.3 car cabin roof; car top CARROOR upper portion of the car with a certain strength requirements.
4.3.4 cabin decorative top CARHANDRAIL cabin top decoration parts inside.
4.3.5 car handrail CARHANDRAIL seated in the cabin on the wall of the handrail.
4.3.6 car top protective railing CARPROTECTIONBALUSTADE sets in car top upper part on maintenance staff play a protective role of the widget.
4.4 cabin frame; car rack CARFRAME fixed and support bridge cabin frame.
4.5 access door DOOROPERATOR makes the car door and (or) layer door open or closed.
4.6 access door opening in Wells road ACCESSDOOR, leads to the pit or pulley room for maintenance personnel use the door.
4.7 manual door MANUALLYOPERATEDDOOR used human switch car door or layer.
4.8 automatic door on the power switch POWEROPERATEDDOOR car door or layer.
9 floor doors; door LANDINGDOOR; the Office; HALLDOOR sets SHAFTDOOR station entrance door.
4.10 fire layer; fire door RIER-PROOFDOOR can prevent or delay the glowing gas or flame through the door of a layer.
4.11 cabin doors; door CARDOOR settings in the cabin entrance doors.
4.12 safety edge SAFETYEDGESFORDOOR in car door closing process, when a passenger or obstructions touch, car door reopening of mechanical door protection device.
4.13 hinge doors; flaring door on the side of the door HINGEDDOOR to hinge, by Wells road direction to the channel layer door opened.
4.14 door COLLAPSIBLEDOOR can folding, close to the fence in the shape of the cabin door.
4.15 horizontal sliding door HORIZONTALLYSLIDINGDOOR along the door guides and ground Ridge trough levels slip-resistant floor door.
4.15.1 CENTEROPENINGDOOR layer in door doors or car door, the door in the middle of their respective left and right to the same speed of the open door.
4.15.2 the door; double folded next door; the two-speed doors TWO-SPEEDSLIDINGDOOR; TWO-PANELSLIDINGDOOR; TWOSPEEDDOOR layer gate or door of two doors to two different speeds on the same side of the open door.
4.15.3 left door LEFTHANDTWOSPEEDSLIDINGDOOR facing cabin, the left direction to open the door of the layer or the car door.

4.15.4 right cabin door RIGHTHANDTWOSPEEDSLIDINGDOOR face, the direction to the right of the tiers door or opening car door.
4.16 vertical sliding doors on both sides along the door VERTICALLYSLIDINGDOOR vertical sliding door track opened.
4.17 vertical door BI-PARTINGDOOR layer in doors or door of two doors in the middle of the door to the same speed, up their opened.
4.18 pulled cited rope compensator COMPENSATINGDEVICEFORHOISTROPES used to balance because of the elevator lifting height too high, causing excessive drag cited rope running too much emphasis on the phenomenon of the parts.
4.19 compensation chain consisting of compensating device. With a metal chain consisting of compensating device.
4.20 compensation rope ropes for apparatus COMPENSATINGROPEDEVICE some tension wheel components of compensation device.
4.20.1 compensation rope hold-down device ANTI-REBOUNDOFCOMPENSATIONROPEDEVICE when compensation rope tensioning device exceeds the limit position, can pull machine to spin down electrical safety devices.
4.21 ground Ridge SILL cabin entrance door or layers into and out of the car's slotted metal pedal.
4.21.1 cabin to Campo CARSILLS; PLATETHRESHOLDELEVATOR cabin entrance to Campo.
4.21.2 layer door to Campo LANDINGSILLS; SILLELEVATORENTEANCE layer door entrance to Campo.
4.22 jiaoding overhaul plant INSPECTIONDEVICEONTOPOFTHECAR settings in car top upper for maintenance personnel maintenance of equipment at the time of application.
4.23 car top lighting CARTOPLIGHT settings in car top upper for maintenance personnel maintenance of lighting appliances.
4.24 pit maintenance lighting LIGHTDEVICEOFPITINSPECTION settings in Wells road, pit, forMaintenance personnel maintenance of lighting appliances.
4.25 cabin in a layer of light; car position indicator CARPOSITIONINDICATOR settings within the cabin, display its appliance running the station.
4.26 layer door set LANDINGDOORJAMB decorative layer door frames widget.
4.27 layer door led LANDINGINDICATOR; HALLPOSITIONINDICATOR settings in the layer above or a side door, the show car run station and orientation of the device.
4.28 layer door direction indicators set in the layer LANDINGDIRECTIONINDICATOR over the door or side show car running direction of the device.
4.29 Control Panel CONTROLPANEL is independent of the bracket, brackets have metal insulated floor serices or beam, a variety of electronic and electrical components installed on the floor or on the beam of a once-electric control equipment.
4.30 control cabinet CONTROLCABINET; various electronic devices and electric CONTROLLER components installed in a protective role of Cabinet profile structure of electronic control devices.
4.31 manipulation boxes; manipulate disk OPERATIONPANEL; CAROPERATIONPANEL for switch, button control car running electrical installations.
4.32 alarm button ALARMBUTTON