College】 【weak elevator elevator technology --- the use of Section III Management and Maintenance --- Power By weak home network 【China】..

<br> elevator is a mechanical, electrical equipment in one of the complex structure of vertical transportation equipment, involving the mechanical engineering, electronics, power electronics, motor and drag theory, automatic control theory, automatic control of electric drive systems and computer. .technology and other subjects.. Therefore, routine maintenance and elevator maintenance, scientifically sound and feasible management measures, after the failure of timely maintenance, and extend the life of the elevator, to improve its operating efficiency, and achieve good economic returns are essential. .. <BR> This section of the elevator to manage the daily operation and maintenance, and elevator managers for the job requirements, how to carry out inspection, maintenance and other important parts of the narrative content.. First, the use and management of .an elevator.. Elevator should be equipped with special (and) the management staff to carry out the management of user departments receive tested by the installation of the elevator after put into use before the first with (part) level of management, the management before .running the elevator,. specifically include the following.. ① control elevator receipt of various keys.. ② According to the specific circumstances of the unit to identify candidates for drivers and maintenance personnel, and to specify the units of the training of qualified before induction ... ③ elevator to collect and collate the relevant technical information.. ④ collect and take good care of elevator spare parts, spare parts, accessories and tools.. ⑤ According to the units of the specific circumstances and conditions, the establishment of the elevator .management, use, maintenance and repair system.. ⑥ familiar with the technical information collected from the elevator, the elevator to the relevant personnel to understand the installation, commissioning and acceptance of the circumstances, conditions can be controlled with the elevator when the test run .up and down several times, carefully check the elevators in good condition.. ⑦ made the necessary preparations, and after the conditions have delivered, or should be temporarily sealed.. 2.. Elevator transition shift relief system is largely the responsibility of both clear ., transfer the contents, methods and procedures to be performed.. ① shift changes, the common view in the field both sides should be running the elevator, inventory tools, spare parts and configuration of the engine room fire equipment, face to face handover clearly .not the way to the transfer of greeting.. ② clear before and after the transfer of responsibility.. Typically, the two sides signed the transfer procedures to perform after the problems, the person responsible for the succession.. If the elevator is the time .of handover failure, should be responsible for shift workers, but should actively cooperate with the succession.. If the successors do not get the succession, without the consent of the leadership's consent, to be shift workers shall not leave the job.. 3. .. Daily operation and management is mainly the elevator lift in the running of the practices.. Including the run before and after security checks, run the process requirements, safety devices, such action after the failure determine.. 4.. Check the elevator on .duty on duty checking the elevator is inspected by qualified personnel to patrol duty lift and remove the check security risks, and the handling of emergency incidents.. Include the following.. ① duty elevator inspections to check the area the elevator attendant.. ② elevator .attendant required by the City Council special work skills training, certificates.. ③ under the jurisdiction of the elevator attendant require daily visits to check the elevator.. ④ elevator inspection examination must fill out the "community visits to check the records of the lift .table duty. ". ⑤ elevator duty to rescue trapped people, the need to fill out the" entrapment tables. ".5.. Elevator machine room elevator machine room management of the management of the major daily use management, mainly the .following points.. ① the engine room lighting should be kept intact, neat lines, no temporary wiring.. ② the engine room should be kept clean, well-ventilated, windows and doors intact.. ③ the engine room should be equipped with fire .extinguishers, placed in easy to take place.. ④ room keys kept by hand, any unrelated persons allowed to enter the room.. ⑤ smoking is prohibited in the engine room.. ⑥ the engine room on a daily basis to conduct an inspection of .equipment to ensure equipment is functioning correctly.. ⑦ make room records (including inspection records, maintenance records).. ⑧ In the typhoon, heavy rain before the advent of ready room wind, rain to prepare, and after the storms, in time to .be checked.. Second, the elevator maintenance and management of elevator maintenance and management, first of all rely on the system guarantee system is a code of conduct mandatory; second to adhere to the maintenance of technical standards.. 1.. Check the elevator .elevator failure rate depends on the normal life and the elevator maintenance efforts, to reflect on the elevator accident hazards should be promptly shut down for repairs.. Therefore require managers stronger sense of responsibility, and by adhering to the daily running of the inspection system, .and pay attention before opening the elevator, run in and stop the situation after the ladder.. Include examinations of the elevator open and close is normal, indicating that the signal is intact and so, if an exception should take timely measures to prevent accidents. .. Development of daily inspection, weekly inspection, monthly inspection, quarterly inspection and annual inspection system, and strict organization and implementation.. ① daily inspection, the maintenance man is responsible.. Easy to wear and easy to check the main external parts loose, .if necessary, repair, adjustment and replacement, if found significant damage should be reported immediately to the competent person in charge of trying to deal with.. ② weekly inspection, in addition to daily inspection contents, but must be on the main site for more .detailed inspection and necessary maintenance to ensure the reliability of its action and work accuracy.. ③ monthly inspection, in addition to weekly inspection content, should lift the safety devices and electrical systems check, clean lubrication and necessary adjustments.. ④ quarter of inspection, .must be experienced technical staff and maintenance staff together, in addition to monthly inspection contents, the focus on the part of the elevator drive comprehensive examination, if necessary, make the appropriate adjustments and maintenance, while also addressing all the necessary safety devices. adjustment, .work on the electrical control system to be checked.. ⑤ inspection, one year after the elevator to conduct a comprehensive technical inspection.. By experienced technical staff, repair replacement of worn parts.. Not placed any longer (a month or more) of .the elevator, the elevator should be open every week, no-load running up and down several times to ensure that all parts of a flexible, to prevent rust dead parts, to avoid electrical moisture.. Annual inspections of electrical equipment, insulation levels should .be consistent with "electric drive controller technology," in the regulations.. 2.. Elevator maintenance elevator maintenance general maintenance, including the engine room, shaft parts with car maintenance and repair and maintenance end of the pit in three main sections. .. ① the engine room maintenance including engine room equipment, such as car leveling signs, door locks, traction wheels, brakes, etc. governor and carried out maintenance work.. ② wells and the maintenance of car parts including weights, safety gear linkage, .car windows fixed lighting and safety equipment such as car repair and maintenance work.. ③ the end of the pit, including compensation for chain maintenance, the bottomless pit stop switch, accompanying cables, hydraulic buffers, and governor tension pulley and other equipment maintenance. .. <BR>..

【 Weak current College 】 multifunctional conference rooms project in how to effectively prevent electrostatic?---Power By 【 China power house network 】

First of all, from static electricity generation mechanism, should reduce the degree of insulation, even if the two objects do not create friction and less static, on time, have the following main measures:
1. keep the humidity of the environment. Practice has proved, in the North or in the dry winter, because the static instances of failure is much larger than in the southeastern coastal area or other seasons, so in some important places, such as computer rooms, laboratories, electronic instrument alignment workshop should consider maintaining a humidity problem, especially for those closed shape of the air conditioning room, a certain control humidity.
2. the laying of anti-static floor or carpet. So far, this has a conductivity of plastic floor or carpet products that can be very effective suppression by human walking generate static.
3. use žæžª, Ion, ion rods and other facilities that range from static electricity.
4. semiconductor devices should be in full bloom blooming in anti-static plastic or anti-static plastic bag, the anti-static blooming with good electrical conductivity, can effectively prevent the generation of static electricity. Of course, there are conditions should be in full bloom blooming in metal tube or with a metal foil packaging.
5. for operations personnel in wrist band anti-static wrist strap, this hand should have good grounding performance, such measures are most effective.
Antistatic tips
Static electricity is an objective of natural phenomena, resulting in many ways, such as contacts, friction, streaming, and so on. The basic procedure can be summarized as: transfer charge → contact → → I layer forming ¡ú charge separation.
Device or the human on the static up to tens of thousands of volts and hundreds of thousands of volts, under normal operating conditions are often up to several hundreds to several thousand volts. The human body as a result of their own actions and contacts with other object-separation,friction or induction and other factors, can take several kilovolt even tens of thousands of volts of static electricity. Static electricity is positive and negative charge in the local scope out of balance. It is an electricity, retained in the performance object, with high potential, low power, low-current and act only for short periods.
Electrostatic control of the main measures are: static leakage and dissipation, electrostatic neutralization, electrostatic shielding and grounding, humidity, etc.
Electrostatic discharge damage caused by the breakdown of the components is the most common electronic industry, the most serious of static electricity, it is divided into hard breakdown and soft breakdown. Hard breakdown is a one-time causing components dielectric breakdown, burned or permanent failure; soft breakdown is the performance degradation caused by device or parameter index.
Electrostatic sensitive components and printed circuit boards in production processes and storage between delivery, you must use an antistatic material, component boxes, crates, pallets, etc. To prevent the accumulation of static electricity.
Electrostatic sensitive components and printed circuit board, as a finished product packaging must be used against electrostatic shielding bags, bags, boxes, lines, bin etc, avoid transport process of electrostatic damage.
Electronic products in the production process, its components, components, finished products often occurs with the device tools, and other contact, separation, friction generate static, you must use anti-static seat cushion, trolley, maintenance kits, tools, work chairs (stool), and through an appropriate grounding, enables the rapid discharge static electricity.
Friction electrification and body static electricity is electronic, microelectronic industry's two major hazards, but not against electrostatic, harm to electrostatic accumulation and resulting discharge electrostatic charge, must be controlled.
With static objects, in the formation of electrostatic field around them, will have a mechanical effect, discharge effect and static induction effect.
Due to the mechanical effects of static electricity, air flotation of adsorption to particles will electronic components such as Silicon and seriously impact on electronic product quality, therefore, to purify the workspace must take measures against static electricity.
Clean room walls, ceilings and floors should use anti-static materials not dust, the operator and job, utensils should also take a series of static electricity protection measures.
To understand the production process static electrification, the discriminant in the production process to the effects of static electricity, as well as testing electrostatic protection supplies, equipment, quality needs to measure static and related parameters.
Measurement of static electricity, mainly on voltage, material resistance, resistance, static gateway failure period, static electricity, static elimination eliminate electrical performance, cloth charge surface density, etc.
Electrostatic protection work is a systematic project, any aspect of the omission or mistake can cause static electricity protection efforts fail, everyone must always guard against.

【 Weak current College 】 vacuum freeze-drying technology principle---Power By 【 China power house network 】

I. definition of vacuum freeze-drying and advantages:

Products by completely frozen, and in certain vacuum conditions make ice sublimation, so as to achieve the purpose of the low-temperature dehydration, this process is called lyophilization (Freeze-drying), hereinafter referred to as freeze-dried. Freeze-drying of solid substances due to the tiny ice crystals of sublimation and render a porous structure, and to maintain the original size of freezing time, plus water easily dissolved after the recovery, the products in the sublimation process temperature is maintained at a relatively low temperature conditions (generally below-250C), and therefore for those who do not heat-resistant material, such as enzymes, hormones and nucleic acids, blood and immune products etc, for drying is particularly appropriate. Drying results can emit 95 ~ 99% of moisture, conducive to the preservation of the products. Products of the drying process is carried out under vacuum conditions, it is difficult to oxidize. For biochemical drug chemistry, physics, biology of instability, freeze-dried has been proved to be a very effective tool. With biochemical substances and biological agents, freeze drying technology will increasingly shows its importance and superiority. II. medical freeze dryer's introduction to the structure and function:

Medical refrigeration dryer consists of refrigeration systems, vacuum systems, heating systems, electrical instruments control system. Main part is a drying Cabinet, condenser, refrigerating unit, vacuum heating/cooling devices. Products of freeze-dried is in the drying oven, oven Interior shelves made of stainless steel plate, with which the media conduit distribution, products for cooling or heating, drying oven equipped with a vacuum sensor later, it turned into a vacuum, the telecommunications number container door sealing around the mosaic has a rubber ring, near the front can be coated with vacuum grease guarantee box sealing. Condenser is best for winding cylindrical type, stainless steel cylinder outer circles have more than one group of air-conditioning coil, its working temperature is lower than the temperature of the oven, at up to-550C, from products out of the water vapor in the sublimation adequately condensation in contact with the cold pipe stainless steel cylindrical inner surface, thus ensuring the freeze-drying process smoothly, smooth cylindrical structure the biggest advantage is easy to clean, freeze dried finished, available heating will drop Frost layer. Rotary vacuum pump to the system vacuum, air intakes in mechanical pump installed a strip automatically electromagnetic vacuum valve, and Rotary pump for the same power control, when the pump, the solenoid valve closes automatically, while in the vacuum pump, vacuum system both protects and prevents vacuum pump return oil to the system. In the refrigeration system, 2 2 .2kW of semi-hermetic refrigeration parallel use of the wind out of high-pressure refrigerant condenser liquid (no fluoride refrigerant V55C), after drying filter and solenoid valve reaches the capillary, throttle back into the evaporator, condenser suction of the evaporator outlet pressure drops, the liquid refrigerant heat absorption environment and rapid boiling evaporation. Low pressure refrigerant gas is pumped back into the freezer, and then compressed into a high pressure gas, to complete a refrigeration cycle, heating/cooling plant cooling pipes to condenser pipes in cold as well as in the air condenser coil Ke to evaporation in the refrigeration system, they are two different refrigerant solenoid valve to supply. Heating system by electric heating tube, media (silicone), media, media box, such as the composition of a circular pipe, silicone oil as heating ducts, media pump to dry box shelf media carried out on products, to provide sublimation thermal heating, when frozen, the cooling pipes on the silicone oil is cooled by the media pump to ovenshelves Center Media catheter, on products for cooling and freezing. Electrical instrument control system for Electromechanical design, consists of a private industrial motor control, all the shelves the temperature, the temperature of the media temperature, products may be set to show on display that specific regulation control, please refer to the system specifications. Third, freeze-dried's basic principles and practice of freeze-dried products quality requirements is: biological activity and skin color uniform, form, structure and firm, dissolved speed, low residual moisture. To obtain high quality products, on the theory and freeze-drying process should have a more comprehensive understanding. Freeze-drying process including pre-freezing, sublimation and then dry frozen three stages. A reasonable surface effectively shorten the cycle of freeze-dried in industrial production has a significant economic value. (1) products frozen solution quick frozen (per minute cool down 10 ~ 50 ℃), grain remain visible under a microscope; rather slow freezing size (1 ° c/min), the formation of visible to the naked eye. Coarse grain in sublimation leave larger gaps, you can improve the efficiency of freeze-drying, fine grain in the gap left by sublimation is sufficiently low for the lower sublimation, quick frozen product particles and smooth, uniform appearance, surface area, porous structure, fast speed, the dissolution of the finished product cited wet correspondingly stronger. Drugs in freeze-drying machine pre-freezing in two ways: one is the simultaneous cooling and drying oven products; another is to wait until the oven shelves cooling to-40 ℃ or so, and then place the products, which is equivalent to slow freezing, the latter is between slow freezing cold and, therefore, between the often used to accommodate the freeze drying efficiency and product quality. The disadvantage of this method is the products into the tank, the water vapor in the air will quickly condense on the shelf, but in the early to board the sublimation heat up faster, due to the large area of sublimation will likely go beyond the normal load condenser. This phenomenon is particularly significant in the summer. Products frozen at rest. Experience has shown that undercooled phenomenon prone to make the product temperature has been reached the eutectic point. But the solute still does not, in order to overcome the cold, the temperature of frozen products should be lower than eutectic point following a range, and to maintain for a period of time pending the products completely frozen. (2) the sublimation of ice conditions and speed at a certain temperature is greater than the saturated vapour pressure of the water vapour partial pressure environment when you can begin the sublimation temperature than products; lower condenser suction of water vapour and capture, you are required to maintain lift. Gas molecules in two successive collisions between the distance is known as the mean free path, it is inversely proportional to the pressure. Under normal pressure, its value is small, the sublimation of the water molecules are easily and gas collisions and return to the steam source surface and, therefore, sublimation is diffuse. As pressure decreases 13.3Pa mean free path following, 105 times, enabling increased sublimation significantly faster, flyLeft out of the water molecules are rarely change their context, thus forming a directional flow of steam. Vacuum freeze-drying machine plays a pump the permanent gas to maintain required for low-voltage sublimation. 1g steam in atmospheric pressure as 1.25L in 13.3Pa has expanded to 10000 l, ordinary vacuum pump in unit time pump so much volume is not possible. Condenser actually formed a specialized collection of water vapour vacuum pump. Products and condensing temperatures usually-25 ° c and-50 ℃. Ice at a temperature of saturated vapor pressure respectively 63.3Pa and, consequently, in sublimation 1.1Pa and condensation between it produced a considerable pressure difference, if the system of Non-Condensable gas divider is negligible, it will make products out of steam distillation, to a certain flow directed to arrive at the condenser surface forming a frost. Ice sublimation heat about 2822J/g, if sublimation process does not supply heat, then reduce internal energy products only to compensate the sublimation heat until its temperature and temperature balanced condenser, sublimation is also stopped. In order to maintain the sublimation and condensation to the temperature difference, you must provide sufficient heat products. (3) the sublimation process in the warming of the first phase (a large number of sublimation phase), the product temperature to below its eutectic point of a range. So you want to control the temperature of the shelf, if products are part of the dry, but the temperature has exceeded its eutectic point and the melting phenomena occurring products, but at this point to melt the liquid, on ice saturating the solute yet saturated, and thus the rapid drying of solute will go in, the final concentration of dissolved into a zombie block, thin skin extremely bad, very bad dissolved speed, if the products of distillation in a large number of melting of late, due to the melting of the relatively small quantity of liquid, dry porous solid absorbed, causing the freeze drying of the defect after block, add water solubility dissolved when will still be able to find is slow. In a large number of sublimation process, although the shelves and products have great disparity of temperature, but because of plate temperature, temperature and vacuum condenser temperatures remain basically unchanged, and sublimation heat absorbing relatively stable, product temperature relatively constant. With products from top to bottom layer dry ice sublimation of resistance. Product temperature will rise slightly accordingly. Until visible is the presence of ice crystals. At this point, morethan 90% of the moisture has been removed. A large number of sublimation process to this end has been fundamental, in order to ensure that the whole case a large number of finished products, plate temperature sublimation still need to keep a stage before the second stage of warming. The remaining percentage of residual moisture, moisture that it and the free State of physical and chemical properties of water in different, residual moisture on include the chemical combination of water and water of physical medicine, such as the combination of crystal water of crystallization, protein through hydrogen bonding in water and solid surface or capillary absorption of water, etc. Due to the residual moisture from the bondage of gravitational, its saturated vapor pressure is reduced to varying degrees, thus drying rate decreased significantly. While improving product temperature for gasification of residual moisture, but if the temperature exceeds a certain limit, the biological activity may also be a sharp decline. Guarantee the safety of products of the highest drying temperature to determine by experiment. Usually we in the second phase plate temperature + 30 ℃, and remain constant. In this phase, the temperature rise due to plate, residual moisture less high and difficult to gasification, therefore products temperature to rise more rapidly. But as the product temperature and temperature accumulations, heat more slowly, you need the patience to wait for quite a long time, experience shows that the residual moisture drying time and large amounts of sublimation time almost equal and sometimes even exceeded. (4) lyophilized curve: the shelf temperature and product temperature changes over time can be recorded, freeze drying curve. Comparison of typical freeze-dried curve of the shelf warming is divided into two stages, in a large number of sublimation is shelf temperature low, according to the actual situation, can usually be controlled in the-10 to + 10. The second stage of the nature of the products will be appropriate to increase the temperature of the shelf, the law applicable to its relatively low melting point. If the performance of the products is not yet clear, machine performance is poor or inadequate stability in its work, with this method is also more secure. If products eutectic point higher system vacuum can maintain good, condenser cooling capacity sufficient, you can also use certain heating rate, the shelf temperature rise to allow maximum temperature, until the end of the freeze-drying, but also need to ensure that products in large quantities of sublimation temperature must not exceed the eutectic point. If products on thermal instability, the second phase plate temperature should not be too high. In order to improve the first stage of sublimation, La plate temperature a rise to products allow maximum temperature above; to be a large number of end stage basic sublimation, plate temperature dropped to allow the maximum temperature, the latter two ways while making a lot of sublimation speed some improvement, but its anti-jamming capability corresponding lower, vacuum and cooling capacity of sudden decreases or power outage may cause the product to melt. Reasonable and flexible command first, and still is by far the more common way.

【 Weak current College 】 small central air-conditioning installation problems---Power By 【 China power house network 】

In recent years, with economic development, the improvement of living standards, being a luxury apartments, small office buildings, villas, House, Penthouse, small size (about a few hundred square meters or so) demanding architectural type. Air conditioning industry urgently needs a product, to the advantage of both together. Some companies see this market, launched the small central air conditioning system. The system has inherited the central air conditioning system with good results and flexible arrangement of household air conditioners and highly intelligent features. From the cost, the small central air than traditional air conditioning cheap 30%-50%. Currently on the market of small central air-conditioning mainly has following several: a, household gas-fired air conditioning air-conditioning started in the 1930s in Sweden, it uses the low grade of gas to energy, energy-saving effect is remarkable. Over the past 10 years, due to the growing problem of energy, power shortages, United States, Switzerland, Germany, Japan's air conditioning industry has developed a number of excellent energy-saving effect is very significant conditioner. Common conditioner has three forms: lithium bromide absorption, ammonia absorption and gas heat pump. Currently on the market to lithium bromide absorption gas air conditioning, usually by means of gas-fired air conditioning LIBR absorption of ammonia gas-fired air conditioning system, air conditioning and gas gas heat pump applications. As China's energy structure changes, natural gas in total energy consumption in proportion to the growing use of air conditioning can simultaneously address consumption in summer too small and too concentrated power, the problem of insufficient power supply. Achieve reductions of peak power, energy balance. With gas prices much lower than the price of gas from the implementation of the strategy, the development of gas-fired air conditioning and bright future. Need to make is that the gas-fired air conditioning refrigeration cycle low thermal coefficient, some constraints on their development. On this issue, to be further development and research. Second, air source heat pump air heat pump is the main form of conditioning, in room rooms, penthouse floor structure, small villas in the broader application, its forms are the three major: (1), type of household air-source heat pump, central air conditioning blowers group produce thermal (cold) wind, like road into the room, compared to other household air conditioning system, which means less investment, and the introduction of fresh air, can realize the indoor and outdoor air circulation, no difference in each room, you can improve the indoor air of ecological housing environment and thermal environment of effective technical means, but building storey need meet wind pipe layout requirements. (2), air-cooled heat pump, Central produce thermal (cold) water, to the air conditioning terminal devices (such as fan coil units, air supply unit, etc.) in the way convenient control and Terminal number matching flexible, construction area of relatively large occasions also applies. But the presence of condensation water discharges and water leakage problems, cost relative to the other two air-source heat pump system is relatively high. (3), the central air conditioner VRV frequency, that is, the current market often referred to as "a few" air conditioning. It is a fluorine, en direct cooling and heating with heat pumps and air conditioning, a desk with several indoor and outdoor unit, each room separately control. Its advantage is that the system is simple, and there is no architectural layers high. Its disadvantage is not easy to leak detection, refrigerant volume decrease occurs, but find no fault in leak location, you can only rely on the continuous supply of refrigerant to maintain the normal operation of the air-conditioning system. 3, water source heat pump water source heat pump is in fact used for the whole building or large living area, etc. Here, we do it is because the air conditioning system to host distributed to each of the air-conditioned area, making it possible to reach extension adjustable, not one or two of use and to start the whole system, resulting in a waste of energy, and a separate kWh meter with users connected burden on the user's own cost. Water source heat pump system mainly two kinds of system: closed-loop water source heat water air conditioning system (central heat stations dispersed all household water source heat pump unit) and the central water-source heat pump hot water system (large water-source heat pump chiller plus indoor air blower plate Tube). Water source heat pump system is electric powered, water as a source of cold (heat). Compared with the air-source heat pumps, high performance coefficient, and is not affected by the outdoor temperature, more suitable for the northern region. The disadvantage is the high initial investment. Currently on the market than the applicable water source heat pump system is a closed loop water water-source heat pump system, it is a double tube closed water systems, parallel connection residential buildings located in each household's water source heat pump unit, summer end unit with circulating water to cool, winter away from heat circulating water. Indoor air flows through the turbine room side of the heat exchanger (summer-winter-evaporator, condenser), like tube system into the main room with air conditioning and heating. The system is installed in a room thermostat for unit commitment and adjust the room temperature, and a separate measurement. Closed water loop without insulation, all lines are almost all in the building, and the circulating water temperature is moderate, not in the pipe surface condensation or substantial loss of heat. 4. heat pump systems utilize the regenerative properties of the soil, advantage buried in the soil of heat pipes for heating and heat exchange, winter, cooling in summer. Its characteristics are placed at will, does not occupy the surface of the external space, take full advantage of the natural low grade heat, energy saving and environmental protection. Its disadvantage is involved hydrogeologic, shall collaborate; higher initial investment system; can cause soil heat to the building as both have a certain influence. The system currently used in small villas. On the small central air-conditioning installation, there is no dedicated standard, mainly with reference to the large central air conditioning and air conditioner installed the corresponding specification. The wind pipes, water pipes can reference a large central air conditioning refrigerant piping is installed, you can reference the household air-conditioning installation; indoor air layout reference large central air conditioner, while outdoor machines installed then you can reference the household air-conditioning installation. In addition, in the small central air conditioner is installed, there are several points to issue: 1, small air conditioning of the indoor unit is generally installed in the ceiling, in determining their install location, you should be aware of: (1) indoor installation location near cannot have power (such as electric heaters, gas stoves, etc.) and the steam source, etc. (2) blow out of the air flow through the human activities should be the main plants, no obstructions in the vicinity of the exhaust outlet. (3) host to distance TV, audio, etc. to avoid a meters above the mutual interference.

(4) the air inlet around do not obstruct the air inhaled proof reset of obstructions.(5) away from heat and gas supply Department. (6) at both ends and should leave room for the above. (7) don't get close to high-frequency equipment, high power wireless devices, so as not to interfere with the normal working air conditioning. 2. in determining the small central air outdoor machine installation location, you should be aware of: (1) small central air outdoor machine is generally higher than the domestic split-type air-conditioning, outdoor machine should be installed in the ground or be able to host its weight on the roof, as a result of conditions necessary to take measures to secure fixed (some larger unit cannot mount). (2) to avoid installation in places where combustible gas leak. (3) to keep the air flowing around the outdoor unit, should be left around a certain space. (4) avoid sunshine directly, if necessary with a sun visor, but does not impede ventilation. (5) select the outlet no obstructions. 3. when the installation should be close coordination of the decoration project. Small central air-conditioning at installation time, particularly in the residential installation, the use of each room, decorated in different styles, such as: ceiling height, materials, lighting, such as the layout. During the installation of a small central air-conditioning before must conscientiously to distinguish between the use of the rooms feature, combined with decoration requirements determine how to air from downward and feed back or side of air, and then determine the style of the diffusers. In a outlet lifting units and installation, to acquire all the room ceiling height and material practices, choice of appropriate installation, so you can make new air conditioning system to comply with the safe, practical, aesthetic requirements. To sum up, although the small central air conditioning in our short history, and some of the technology has not matured, but it's there, after all, fill the air conditioning field, it makes small construction and residential customers can enjoy a higher quality of modern air conditioning, also allows existing air-conditioning industry become diversification, both from a technical or market prospects, the small central air conditioning are also huge space for development. As a construction enterprise, you must grasp the development direction of the market, constantly mastering new technologies and new techniques in order to be in a competitive market.

Weak current College】 【solar floor heating system and auxiliary heat source --- Power By】 【China power house network.

<br> <br> 1. introduction <br> <br> China's rapid economic development, energy production and development much more relative to lag, the economic development of the energy needed to be more reliance on energy-saving. China's vast population, .huge, including residential construction accounted for 92 per cent of the construction works. Because residents economic conditions improve, so for a long period of residential building will rise, and this upward trend will last 20-30 years. Thus seen, our residential construction is .in rapid development. <br> <br> But we must soberly, our massive and rapid growth of housing construction is based on the resource and energy consumption at the expense of high return, in addition to the use of land that most direct resources, .residential energy consumption of residential construction development growth is a major limiting factor. Currently, due to the heat insulation of a building in China and airtight performance comparison, unit residential building area heating energy consumption is the same climatic conditions 3 times that of developed countries. .Embodied in the heating of poor quality (ie, room temperature and cold are not), the thermal efficiency of the system, not only more energy consumption multiplied, and users will not be able to adjust the room temperature. Current heating costs by square meter .billing, does not contribute to the user's awareness, resulting in a number of unusual phenomena, such as the room temperature is too high opens the window, the room temperature is too low, allowing designers and owners try to intensify the boiler, pump and radiator ., inefficient, wasting energy consumption of the repeat. At present, China's energy consumption is very reasonable, the structure of the building can still to coal, renewable energy in the building can be applied in very few. Heating energy consumption not only causes the wastage .of resources, but also air pollution. <br> <br> 2 floor radiant heating system advantages <br> <br> Radiator heating is building a common form of heating. With the continuous development of the social economy, the people's standard of living ., new materials, new technology is increasingly promoted application, the drawbacks of traditional heating forms have become increasingly prominent, such as the difference of thermal comfort, energy consumption, the consumption of steel products in many large, not easy to press the heat metering, .not individual room temperature control, etc. And low-temperature radiant floor heating is to overcome these drawbacks of a good way. <br> <br> Low-temperature radiant heating takes less than 60 ° c, low temperature water as htm, through .direct buried within the building floor xpap (PAP, XPAP) or cross-linked polyethylene pipe (PE-X) coil radiation to achieve a flexible form of heating. <br> <br> Practice shows that low-temperature radiant floor heating has the .following characteristics: <br> <br> 2.1 comfortable health <br> <br> Because of the radiation intensity and temperature of the dual role that reduces ambient surface cold radiation on the human body, the interior surface temperature uniformity, gradually decreasing temperature bottom .-up, changed the radiator heating and low-temperature being high in upper part of the distribution of a head cold feet warm good feeling, resulting in a truly human thermal and physiological requirements of the hot state, in line with the traditional medicine "warm .foot cool roof "theory of fitness, you can improve the blood circulation, promote metabolism, with the best comfort and health functions. <br> <br> 2.2 energy-efficient <br> <br> In establishing the same comfortable premise, because .radiation heating a convection heating mode the thermal efficiency is high, the energy of about 35 percent. So the interior design temperature can lower than other heating of. 2 ℃ <br> <br> 2.3 good thermal stability <br> <br> As .the surface layer and concrete layer heat, thermal stability, therefore in intermittent heating, indoor temperature changes slowly. <br> <br> An increase in the size, 2.4 use convenient decoration <br> <br> Indoor cancelled the heatsink and the legislative .branches, not only does not occupy the building area and room can be separated according to the actual calculation, the average increase indoor 5 per cent of area, equal to the lower housing costs. And indoor both good-looking and easy decoration and furniture layout .. <br> <br> 2.5 sanitation <br> <br> Floor heating indoor air average velocity, can effectively reduce the air caused by the rapid flow of dusty, and Ming-radiator equipment and piping dust surface heating of volatile odors, reduce .indoor air pollution. <br> <br> Similarly, the low-temperature radiant heating also exist at the beginning of the investment is high, storey and loads increase, construction costs, poor maintainability. <br> <br> 3 solar floor heating .system in the form of feasibility and system <br> <br> Our country is very rich in solar energy resources, in addition to the local area in Sichuan basin, etc are not suitable for solar energy utilization, in most parts of China are suitable .for the use of solar energy. In particular, Northwest, Southwest, North China, should make full use of solar energy that clean, renewable energy, reduce building energy consumption. China solar energy use patterns are mainly low-temperature thermal use of solar energy .and solar technology. At present, our country's actual situation and the capacity of residents, optoelectronic technology costs are too high, not suitable for building energy-saving application. And solar energy in the building's thermal utilization, especially with the low-temperature radiant floor .heating system, a joint application, significantly improves the efficiency of solar thermal, avoid the area of solar water heater only use limitations. <br> <br> Low-temperature radiant floor heating system and traditional forms of heating radiator, a prominent characteristics than .is the htm temperature low, htm temperature requirements only 35 ℃ ~ 45 ℃. And ground heat storage structure of the backfill layer, increasing the system's inertia. Because of the low-temperature floor heating system with these characteristics, solar this low-grade, .cleaning, use sophisticated energy as low-temperature floor heating system with a heat source, is more reasonable and feasible. <br> <br> Solar floor heating primarily come in two forms, one is intermittent operation system, is a solar heating system during .the day to collect solar energy and energy saving, in night-time operation on room heating system. The system structure is simple and practical, initial investmentRelatively low. This system is suitable for winter outdoor temperature is not too low, the sunny regions such as .China, North China, Northwest of some regions, as well as parts of Southwest China. Use of regenerative South of wall and floor, Basic does not require a heat source in the daytime you can maintain the room temperature of around 16 ° c. If .the daytime heat storage temperature of 40 ° c, night on the water tank of water in the heating temperature drop to the ultimate water temperature never falls below 30 ° c, could basically meet the heat requirements. But the vast majority of current heating areas also .require thermal building during the day, and because the supply of solar energy from the impact of climate, weather is very large, continuous operation of solar floor heating indirect systems is applied more widely in the form of a system (see Figure 1). The .solar thermal system and heating system are two separate systems, the system uses the heat exchanger for heat exchange of forms. In order to ensure that the system runs continuously, solar heating system must have other auxiliary heat source as security. Auxiliary heat source can be .flexible. If solar heating efficiency is high, you can use electric auxiliary heating source, otherwise from economics, with gas boiler use reasonable <br> <br> 4 solar floor heating system and auxiliary heat source <br> <br> If the area .is low price, will power as a complementary heat source, is the ideal choice, features a clean, easy to operate, but the high-quality electric energy as a heating source of heat, just save the running cost, no real sense do energy .saving, moreover in most parts of China have not implemented the bottom price. <br> <br> Gas boiler heating mode with power enough gas furnace for heating the residential units and supply of domestic hot water. Its equipment and compact appearance, can be .wall-mounted installation in the kitchen of the House, like a slightly bigger gas water heater does not affect the use of the kitchen area. It is easy to use single-family measuring magnetic gas meter implementation use hot household metering, a solution to the .perennial heating costs owed, another challenge is to conserve energy, boiler room, the second heat, outside the network and building pipeline heat loss, heat energy savings of about 7 percent. Because it is a secondary solar heating system for intermittent operation mode, it .is the actual usage is not high, low running cost. From floor heating, although in our use of time is not very long, but its basic design and construction is forming technology, and many buildings with floor heating after which have been successful, the .technology can be said to have more mature. For solar energy collection section, because the system is the need for mechanical circulation, collector has high load-bearing capacity. The current home of vacuum tube collectors clearly do not meet the requirements, recently many solar .collector manufacturers have developed several U-tube and heat pipe solar collector, reach their carrying capacity, which is totally above 1.2MPa meets the requirements of the machine cycle. <br> <br> If economic conditions allow, the building's envelope composite energy saving .wall, such as "polystyrene Board paste external wall insulation system", wall insulation, due to internal entity wall heat capacity, save energy storage room more heat, such as solar radiation or intermittent heating indoor temperature changes caused by slow, at room temperature more .stable, more comfortable living environment, solar radiation, heat gain, body heat, home appliances and cooking heat generated by factors such as "free hot" better utilization, conducive to saving energy. <br> <br> 5 conclusions <br> < .br> (1) gas boiler as solar-temperature floor heating system for auxiliary heating source, energy in the form, the system guarantees the comfort requirements, are feasible. <br> <br> (2) comparison of solar resources in China is .a country, the use of green, clean solar energy for low-temperature floor heating, then to gas boiler auxiliary heating source as a system, in Northwest China, North China not only from a theoretical or practical, are perfectly feasible. <br> .<br> (3) at present, because solar thermal equipment costs more, solar energy and building integration degree of integration is not high, greatly restricts the use of the solar system. <br> <br> (4) solar energy application of .floor heating system, for non-renewable fuel savings, reduced energy consumption, complete our building energy saving goals are important. At the same time to reduce atmospheric pollution, preventing further deterioration of the environment will play a positive role in China's construction industry in the .sustainable development provides a strong support. <br>.

【 Weak current College 】 data center energy efficiency

— — Based on the public building energy-saving design standards of

【 Summary 】 national standards for the public buildings energy conservation design standards "GB50189-2005 is the main basis of building energy-saving design and guidelines, data centres dependent on the building, since the data center construction and operation of features, data center energy efficiency is bound to contains the topic of energy efficiency in buildings. This article in accordance with the public building energy-saving design standards on the energy efficiency of buildings, several aspects of data center building energy-saving design and construction of heating, air conditioning, lighting, energy saving and energy-saving measures.

【 Words】 building energy-saving data center engineering works

1 the energy regulations and norms

Resource conservation is the basic policy. In recent years, the country will save the resources especially energy promulgated a series of laws and norms, such as: the People's Republic of China Energy Conservation Act (2007 NPC thirtieth meeting of amendments), the public building energy-saving design standards "GB50189-2005, the building energy-saving project construction quality approval standard" GB50411-2007; the architectural lighting design standards "GB50034-2004.

Energy (energy saving) refers to strengthen energy management, technically feasible and economically reasonable, and environmental and social measures of affordable, from energy production to the consumption of each link, lower consumption, reduce losses and waste emissions, suppression, effective and rational use of energy.

The public building energy-saving design standards "GB50189-2005 implementation of the enactment of the public building energy consumption mainly reflected in the building envelope, as well as heating, ventilation, air conditioning and lighting energy consumption, will improve the building's envelope insulation, etc. to improve thermal performance; heating, ventilating and air conditioning system for the promotion of energy efficiency ratio; lighting equipment efficiency. In that same indoor environment parameters, using standards-compliant building energy-saving design of buildings and energy-saving measures has been taken of the building, as total energy consumption should be reduced by 50%, of which: retaining structure sharing energy saving rate of about 25 per cent to 13 per cent; air conditioning and heating system share in the energy-saving rate is about 20 per cent to 16 per cent; lighting equipment sharing energy saving rate by about 7 per cent to 18 per cent. Thus, in accordance with the public building energy efficiency standards for energy-efficient design objectives and requirements, energy-saving potential and the effect is very significant. Countries the public building energy-saving design standards "is the present main building energy-saving design and guidelines.
　　
2 data centers feature features

Data centers typically refers to a physical space (which can be either a building or part of a building) for data information of centralized processing, storage, transmission, Exchange, management, and computer equipment, servers, equipment, network equipment, communications equipment, storage equipment, etc. are usually considered IT critical data center equipment. Data center infrastructure refers to ensure the data center's IT critical equipment and devices safe, stable and reliable operation and construction of associated infrastructure engineering (computer engineering), data center infrastructure construction objective is for the data center's IT critical equipment operational and data information security, providing 24 x 7 protection of the environment.

In the data center, to business and information processing requirements, IT usually needs to carry key equipment 24 × 7 operation, run IT to critical devices, consume large amounts of electrical energy, a large amount of heat produced, in order to keep IT running in the key equipment of environmental requirements, and needs through infrastructure devices (precision air conditioning devices), to maintain IT on key equipment (temperature and humidity) environment, then the precision air-conditioning refrigeration and consume a lot of power. At the same time, the data center is housed in a building of the thermal envelope of performance, but also directly affect the indoor environment (temperature, humidity). In addition, operational and maintenance processes of management effectiveness, and impact of data center energy consumption.

Data center energy efficiency in recent years gradually parties are becoming more and more attention to a matter that is also a country requirements of important trends. Data center energy efficiency, relative to other energy types, mainly reflected in energy savings and utilization.
　　
3 overall design approach and measures of energy saving

Data Center construction, the overall design is the basis for building requirements, laws and regulations, engineering standards, the use of next-generation data center design and implementation of technology that determines the overall data center construction, the overall framework of thought and technology policy, to achieve the goal of energy-saving construction goals include.

Data Center construction in overall design, mainly from the TCO, total space planning and reasonable airflow construction, systems integration, and so consider energy saving and energy-saving measures.
Data center of the building as a project of construction investment, operating costs are also needed. Data Center construction project TCO contains construction period to the operational phase of the total cost, including: facility construction costs, equipment system cost, software system cost, maintenance costs, daily operational costs, the cost of human resources, etc. In existing data centers daily operational costs (mainly energy costs) accounted for the total cost ratio is increasing trend, the overall design of data center requires attention to the rationality of engineering design in advance and applicability, fully considered in the construction and operation phase, lower data center daily operating costs-energy costs, reduce Datacenter TCO to improve data center efficiency than the economy as a whole.

Data Center can be a building or part of the building, including host housing, support area and auxiliary rooms, and other functional areas. Data Center and rational planning, space and layout is based on the overall design of the construction requirements of the first step is an important step in the overall planning, determine the scale of the data center and system components, the space and layout to determine the room spaceSeparated, work processes, as well as the construction process. Existing data center room sealed sliding types, big space, less partition, suitable space volume (high, clear height, storey), human-computer zone separation, regional centralized monitoring, etc., are all next-generation data center space and layout are advocating design concepts and energy policy.

Data Center layout, host IT within the room key equipment for the regional housing should focus on the layout, and other support areas and auxiliary room indoor temperature and humidity required similar room layout should be adjacent. In the data center IT critical equipment area layout, key equipment under IT, system group characteristics, equipment of calorific values, density, Cabinet equipment layout and cabinet cooling equipment etc., reasonably consider room area, Cabinet column groups, the Cabinet interior of the three levels of precision air-conditioning cooling airflow. Including the location of air conditioning equipment layout and sent back to the wind, air, back to the Tuyere settings, etc. Use the "cold end" and "hot tip" sent back to the wind channel, balance and hash high-density Cabinet equipment layout, and so are the main energy-saving air distribution strategy.

From master planning, space and layout of the building design, power distribution, HVAC design, critical systems and to other ancillary system design. Need to consider the system and the construction of the fusion between systems (appropriate system integration), which can increase data center construction of overall performance and effectiveness.
　　
4 architectural approaches and measures of energy saving

Typically the data center as an architecture (as the minority, such as: IDC or large enterprise data centers) or part of the public building (for the majority, accounting for public buildings in a local area). In the data center through precision air conditioning devices run to ensure that the key to the operation of the equipment IT needs specific temperature and humidity environment, so that the data centre building construction of the thermal characteristics of sliding types is a precision air-conditioning equipment effectiveness of important factors is the focus of energy saving.

Envelope refers to building walls off the surface, such as walls, roof, floors, doors and Windows, etc. Envelope points of non-transparency of enclosure structure (walls, roof, floors) and transparent envelopes (glass doors, glass curtain wall). Thermal bridging refers to the temperature difference between both sides in the envelope, form the heat flux density of heat transfer area.

Typically, the characterization of the building envelope has thermal performance of the following indicators:

(1) heat transfer coefficient (K): in the steady-state conditions, on either side of the enclosure air temperature difference of 1 ° c, the unit of time passing through 1m2 area. Unit: W/m2 ° c. It is the characterization of the thermal capacity of envelope delivery. K value smaller envelope, the lower the heat capacity, heatinsulation performance better.

(2) thermal inertia index (D): characterization of retaining structure on temperature Wave attenuation of fast and slow level of dimensionless index, its value is equal to the thermal resistance and thermal storage material layer coefficient multiplied. D = S×R, where s is the material heat conductivity W/m2K, R for material resistance m2K/W. D value, the greater the temperature Wave attenuation in the faster the envelope's thermal stability is better, better energy efficiency.

(3) shading coefficient (SC): actual through windshield heat gain of solar radiation and through 3mm transparent glass solar radiation heat gain ratio of. It is the characterization of window shading and translucent system performance of dimensionless index, the value in the range 0 to 1. SC, through the window transparent system of solar radiation to heat, its shading performance better.

(4) the window wall area ratio (W/W): Windows hole area and the ratio of the facade area. In General, the greater the window wall area ratio, the greater the energy consumption of buildings.

China's vast differences in climatic conditions around is very large, the country is divided into five areas of climate zones: the cold, cold regions, hot summer and cold winter, summer and warm winter area to moderate regions. Building energy-saving to different climate zones of the building envelope insulation requirements have different requirements.

Where: East three provinces and one city (Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Shanghai), the majority were in hot summer and cold winter region (except North of huaiyin city, Jiangsu Province), under the public building energy-saving design standards ", the regional envelope heat transfer coefficient (K) requirements: roof ≤ 0.70; facades and the underside of an overhead or overhanging floor ≤ 1.0; exterior window (including transparent curtain wall, window and wall area ratio ≤ 0.7) ≤ 2.5 ~ 4.7; shading coefficientvalue ≤ 0.40 ~ 0.55.

Under the public building energy-saving design standards, indoor air conditioning system (General room) calculation parameters (mostly used as a basis for calculating the energy consumption basis) for the winter: 20 ℃; wind speed 0.10 ≤ v ≤ 0.20m/s; relative humidity 30%-65%. Summer: temperature 25 ° c; wind speed 0.15 ≤ v ≤ 0.30m/s; relative humidity: 40%-65%.

For building the data center, its room regional environmental temperature and humidity environmental requirements are based on equipment and room design standards, also is usually required in conformity with the public building energy-saving design standards, enhance data center room area for building thermal compound calculation and design of processing (mainly because of the basis for the calculation of temperature and enthalpy value point different).

Strict compliance and the implementation of the public building energy-saving design standards "and other countries of the standard specification for architectural design, is to ensure that the data centre building energy-saving requirements for the achievement of public basic approaches and measures. At the same time, according to the data center is located five climate zone of the external environment; data center is located in a building where the external environment in the region; and data center within the functional area of rooms adjacent to the layout of the internal environment, the key to IT equipment regional housing need to strengthen the measures that reasonably calculated thermal insulation, thermal parameters, select the appropriate envelope and materials.

Data Center construction and building thermal energy-saving way of relating to energy-saving measures primarily concerned with the support structure, interior wall insulation, insulation, six cube enclosure, heat treatment, no window bridgeAirtight sliding types, and other aspects.

For envelope use composite wall energy-saving technologies, the main structure in the wall adds one or several layers of composite insulating materials to improve the entire wall thermal performance. Composite wall energy technologies according to insulation in the walls of the position include: inner insulation, thermal insulation, combined in the thermal insulation and thermal insulation. In engineering practice, interior wall insulation is a data center, the most common form, mainly because of the addition of several insulation technology in architecture and structure of the previous design will determine when, having implemented simultaneously with the principal part of the project, except a few IDC or large enterprise data center architecture for the entire one; most data center just occupy public buildings in a local area, but also, most data center construction and civil engineering works, usually in the design of the synchronization is completed, the subject at a later stage (e.g. decoration engineering phase) before entering the design and construction. So in addition to the interior wall insulation technology, plus several insulation technology more difficult to achieve. Interior insulation wall usually efficient insulation between the main walls are combined, the construction process is relatively simple.

In the data center construction of engineering practice, the usual insulation are: mineral rock wool, polystyrene, polyurethane, gypsum board, etc. Choice of insulation heat transfer coefficient (K) a smaller value or thermal inertia index (D) the higher the value, the envelope of the lower heat capacity, its better thermal insulation performance, better energy efficiency.

Where possible, the use of heat transfer coefficient (K) the value of thermal insulation. On the roof, floor and walls of the six-party body for thermal insulation, to reduce the envelope around the heat transfer coefficient, the overall data center room regional packages to achieve better sealing and insulation energy saving effect.

As the building envelope, form a beam, Wale, seismic column of reinforced concrete, reinforced concrete shear walls, beams, columns, and other parts of the heat transfer coefficient is much larger than the main parts of the heat transfer coefficient, the formation of heat intensity channel for heat bridges. On the thermal bridge parts should be insulated to guarantee thermal bridge part of the inner surface temperature in the room air temperature and humidity conditions below the dew point temperature. Reduce the temperature difference between the sides of the envelope, eliminating thermal bridge effect, reducing the external physical environment on indoor environment of heat transfer, reducing thermal bridge part enclosure heat loss.

Current popular data center hosts housing area with no Windows sealed sliding types to avoid and reduce solar radiation into the rooms, as well as window or transparent curtain wall with heat, the temperature difference is lower air conditioning energy consumption means and measures. The original use of curtain wall with host room area should make full use of curtain wall panel behind the space, the use of efficient, durable insulation materials for insulation. Support for data centre districts and auxiliary rooms, Ribbon using window glass sliding types, should control building toward and window wall area ratio, the use of double-glazed or low-e glass (curtain walls), and assisted with sunshade installations (shading, solar etc.) to reduce the amount of solar radiation.
　　
5 air conditioning energy saving lighting means and measures

Data Center, covering the main object of building energy saving as air conditioning and lighting. Note: the supply and distribution system and key equipment of energy-saving IT as a special energy-saving technologies in electrical measures (this article does not discuss the extension).

In the data center, in order to meet the technological requirements in the datacenter, the air conditioning generally refers to the engine room project specific dedicated precision air-conditioning equipment.

Precision air conditioning equipment of primary energy saving and energy-saving measures: cooling load calculation, reasonable set parameter, the return of air supply mode, choosing high EER equipment, hot and cold air conditioning, a dynamic combination of operators, etc.

Accurate calculation of cooling load in a data center including: engine room equipment for cooling, building envelope of heat and solar radiation, the human body heat saturated, lighting equipment, thermal, fresh wind load, etc. Reasonably control data center area of refrigeration parameters (temperature and humidity settings). According to the report: refrigeration parameter variation 1 ° may produce 5% to 10% of energy consumption. Efficient design and layout of the return air supply and air supply and return air channel. Selection of refrigeration coefficient of performance (COP), energy efficiency ratio (EER) of air conditioning equipment, should be higher than in the public building energy-saving design standards of GB50189-2005 air conditioning equipment, as well as the computer and data processing engine room air conditioning with modular machine "GB19413-2003 require precision air-conditioning equipment minimum efficiency ratio indicators. Use of hot and cold air conditioning ventilation system. Due to a combination of air conditioning equipment, dynamically configured to improve the efficiency of refrigeration systems. On large data center room air-conditioning systems the use of refrigeration coefficient of performance (COP), energy efficiency ratio (EER) high water chillers and air conditioning systems, cold source using cold water.

Lighting system for major energy saving and energy-saving measures: follow the lighting power density limits, choosing energy-efficient appliances, lighting combination control, proper use of natural light.
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In the public building energy-saving design standards "GB50189-2005 involving energy saving lighting system is based on the standards of architectural lighting design-2004 GB50034, the lighting design of the system should be strictly in accordance with the standards of architectural lighting design, data center room area and the associated region (illuminance and luminance uniformity) lighting metrics (e.g. host room 500lx) as well as the lighting load power density (LPD) values (15W/m2) for lighting design configuration. Choose efficient energy-saving lighting, lamps and accessories. For effective, flexible, combination of lighting control system. In the data center of the support zone and auxiliary rooms, and other functional areas appropriate use of natural light.

In addition, the existing data center computer room environment monitoring system for the environment and air conditioning equipment, electrical equipment, lighting equipment, such as display, record, control, alarm and trend analysis and tips feature dynamically monitor and control energy situation, with advanced technology and effective way to achieve data center energy consumption savingsPurposes.
　　
6 closing

Data Center due to its own characteristics, in a building is a "power users". In the public building energy-saving design standards "GB50189-2005 is to building envelope, heating ventilation air conditioning and lighting energy consumption for the three main aspects to consider the approach and building energy-saving measures. This article combines the standards relate construction energy conservation of three main areas, and to data center construction design for the pilot to improve a building's envelope insulation, etc. to improve thermal performance; heating, ventilating and air conditioning systems; improving lighting energy efficiency ratio of the target for energy saving equipment efficiency, data center architecture approaches and measures related to energy saving. In actual practice, a variety of reasons, in the data center's overall design links and building thermal cycles, on building energy conservation awareness and response a shortcoming, therefore, this article focuses on these two aspects were explored, expect to be able to have a public building energy efficiency, and data center energy saving special projects provide some recommendations and reference.

Weak current College】 【ultra high floor elevator system selection.

<br> <br> Description: in a high-rise building, rapid, efficient and smooth vertical services. Elevator as vertical transport, on the number of the configuration, control and related parameters selected would not only has a direct impact on the building .of a capital investment of approximately General elevator buildings with a total investment of 10 per cent), but also affect the safe use of building and operating services quality ... <br> Keywords: high-rise elevator system selection application <br> First ., the configuration high-rise high-rise elevator <br> In high-rise buildings, fast, efficient, smooth vertical services. Elevator as vertical transport, on the number of the configuration, control and related parameters selected would not only has a direct .impact on the building of a capital investment of approximately General elevator buildings with a total investment of 10 per cent), but also affect the safe use of the building and operation of the quality of service. In the building, the proper selection of elevator number ., capacity, speed and control is important, but the elevator in the building shall be selected and installed using almost become a permanent fact later if you want to increase or modification is very difficult, even impossible, therefore, the design should start in the design .of the elevator should be fully configured. <br> Generation of high-rise buildings are mostly in around 100 layers, building large population movements within the vertical traffic relies primarily on the elevator, effective design of high-rise building with elevator, the key .is to use a variety of local elevator service and local area elevator system organized. Access to the local area, starting from the ground to the local regional Office of the air-lift quick shuttle between the elevator for service, passengers arrived at the Office of .the air-stairs and elevators transfer interval. In order to bring passengers to speed delivery destination, general building every 30 ~ 35 stories for a local area. <br> In the configuration high-rise elevator should note the following: <br> 1 .. a single set of elevator limitations of viable elevator is eight. <br> 2. in each elevator floor area (Office building) above the floor number should not exceed 15 ~ 16 layer (layer is 18 ~ 20 layer). <br> .3. the typical office building elevator load single layer: 1350, 1600 and 1800kg. Double: 1350 1350 /; 1600/1800/1600; 1800kg. <br> 4. typical air corridor / sightseeing lift load 2040; 2250; 2500kg. < .br> 5. lift the vertical acceleration in 0.9 ~ 1.5m/s2. <br> 6. lift speed bias overcome long-stroke; typical free reducer elevator speed: 2.5, 3.5, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0 ., 10.0m / s etc. <br> 7. maximum traction elevator trip to 600m. <br> Second, the tall high-rise elevator control system <br> Due to the high-rise building with elevator system, in order to improve .efficiency in the use of the lift group to quickly meet the needs of passengers, to shorten the waiting time, as this should adopt microcomputer elevator control system, through the computer control system to handle a large amount of information in a timely manner, determine the .platform call information and the elevator position, direction, the open-closed state, the car in various States, such as to improve the delivery capacity, improve service quality, increase the economic benefits of hyper-building. Elevator computer group control system mainly has .following several aspects: <br> 1. car arrives before the docking station, arriving at the ends of the platform speed before forced to slow down, stop, and avoid hitting the top and flush bottom to ensure safety. <br> 2. cabin .passengers to reach the platform to register and answer signal via the LEDs as, reaches the platform before the stop, with number, terrace on the waiting passengers call to register and make a response signal. <br> 3. loaded with straight, just stop .car passengers specified platform. <br> 4. when the car arrives at a platform but no load, another platform call, the car and the other in the same direction of the car compare to call layer of distance, near their arrival call station and .arc number. <br> 5. end the call, the call to the platform passengers to-end platform cabin and unloaded car close to the service. <br> 6. in the platform sets the cabin position monitor, on the platform to forecast ., elimination of passengers passengers anxious mood, all while allowing passengers to move ahead to the replies, shorten the elevator waiting time. <br> 7. platform call was answered, the registration of the car when you arrive at the platform should have sound advise .passengers-ladder. <br> 8. operation of the platform car scan, depending on the speed of the car or platform is no call to decide whether to stop <br> Car. <br> 9. the passenger platform call cabin, and .the platform can provide service of all elevators are made of the transponder. <br> 10. the control room of the elevator group classification, singular-stops and stations in the area, all elevators are to end station to end, in the middle- .tier stand, singular-platform call area layer platform of car, control room not to be registered, no answer, conversely, too. <br> 11. intermediate platform calls directly to the elevator is not registered, not to answer. <br> .12. car completed transfer task, if no call signal or perform other services is indicated, then lift over the platform, car door open and wait for the other call signaling. <br> 13. control system elevator status at all times to monitor, .while scanning the platform of the call status. <br> 3. high level power supply system of super high-rise elevator <br> High-rise elevator of power supply system is generally a configuration of two-channel independent of power supply to ensure .that the lift power to prevent the interruption of power supply of the elevator so that passengers stranded in the elevator. When all the power failure or maintenance, another way to power automatic switch. If an accident or large parts of the second power supply interruption or .power supply, then the power supply system should be converted to the third power, Super third power supply by diesel generators. When the third power also fails, only rely on battery power, the battery will give the floor of the public channels provide emergency lighting .and emergency power supply power to the lift, rest, and be able to continue to work to maintain lift. <b> </ b> R> 4, Elevator grounding system <br> Modern elevators refers to computer system for control, Elevator grounding .system becomes complicated. It includes signal grounding, security, ground fault protection and lightning protection, etc. <br> 1. signal ground <br> Signal grounding for elevator computer control system, it is to ensure that the signal has a stable baseline potentials .of grounding. China's present on the market of the lift products widely used in the control systems and programmable controller <br> LC or micro-computer (a single computer, PC, smart group). The control mode of the control center are fairly high .CPU speed, its operating frequency up to 1 ~ 7MHz. In such a high frequency, the connection between the computer and devices, like antenna cable, you can receive the external RF interference, but also radiates RF signal, cause electromagnetic interference of a computer .site. In addition, because the elevator control system computer running voltage low, usually 5-24V, it requires that the computer premises data processing device common-mode voltage between the various units, as the need to set a frequency in the computer is running .under high-quality, low-impedance, stable potential of grounding system --- signal grounding system. <br> Signal grounding system is a stable computer processing unit signal potential for signal wiring system returned independently. It can be connected with the Earth, .but they are not allowed to have a good working current flows through. If no connection with the Earth, to the suspension for the system of reference potential, known as floating system. Signal to the principle of composition is based on the circuit of decoupling to .achieve equal potential, thereby eliminating or inhibits the cell signal loop through the global loop produces public impedance coupling interference, avoid the formation of magnetic sensitive Central wiring. Common signal wiring system structure has two kinds: star shape and network. <br> Star shape .system requirements according to the signal to flow to the wiring (benchmark), in the area called single construction electrical grounding. The system application in 10kHz ~ 3MHz better. NET system is an extension of the star shape system, from a point into a equipotential .reference plane. Elevator equipment according to its own special structure hierarchy properties to its computer system often signal is set to star shape. <br> Lift the computer system signal to actually work on all computer equipment and the establishment of standards, and other potential point .<br> Or, they are actually considered high frequency grounding, ie high-frequency signal ground. Without taking into account the strong electric equipment failure, and Lei voltage electrostatic charge relief issues, allow use of floating system, but its Earth resistance should be .greater than 1 M Ω. <br> 2. the safety ground protection <br> Safety ground fault protection is to protect the personal safety of ground, its essence is the equipment of the various components of all conductive metal shell through the electrical wiring of .its mandatory grounding, thereby avoiding device metal can conductive shell possible dangerous voltage on the person and the threat posed by the device. Our elevator manufacture installation specifications particularly stressed the importance of safety grounding protection, GB10060 - 93 the elevator installation acceptance Act: grounding .line of color is yellow insulated wire, except the following voltage safety-36V electrical equipment for metal cover should be provided with an easily recognizable grounding-side, and there is the good earth, Earth wire should be directly connected to the Terminal on each line .after the grounding. Specifications highlighted in the main terminal connected to the grounding line of direct-threaded, and shall not be used to reduce the total resistance value, to ensure the elevator the electric electrical equipment ground fault occurs, the device will not produce metal .shell contact voltage is too high, and in the setting of minimum time produce sufficient fault currents make protection of reliable action. <br> 3. lightning protection <br> Lightning protection belongs to the design and construction of electrical installations, lightning protection and earthing .systems of buildings to energy discharge lightning, cited in order to guarantee the security of buildings and equipment. With the further development of the building technology, further improving the lightning protection system, coupled with the elevator the nature with special structure hierarchy, the building of .the mine and elevator, such as the International Electrotechnical Commission standard IEC1204 - 1: 1990 in 1.2.18 of explicit references to lift guide rails can constitute lightning metal fittings of the circulation channel. Elevator equipment safety ground profection equipotential bonding measures after lightning and .the lightning resistance capacity will have varying degrees of improving, on bare building outside sightseeing lift must have the appropriate lightning protection measures. <br> In a real project, above ground are separate earthing device is often very difficult to achieve, and the usual use .of common grounding device. General requirements common grounding resistance is not greater than 1 Ω. Grounding line can take a cross-sectional area of not less than 16 mm 2 mm copper wires (PE) for the first-to-building distribution indoor PE cable .are connected, and can be viewed with the lift power cable laying, grounding line terminal and elevator room of auxiliary equipotential plate. <br> 5. lift the weak electricity system <br> Elevator in addition to the device itself is equipped with various power .and surveillance devices, also in the elevator car and elevator room within the set and can be wired intercom of telephone and electronic equipment, emergency Bell. With more than one elevator group control buildings also has accident running operation up to monitor the elevator exception and emergency .operations. Now in many buildings with many computer systems, such as building automation system (BAS), fire alarm linkage control system (FAS), a security monitoring system (SAS), these control systems are monitored for elevator, its purpose is to strengthen .the management of the elevator, improve elevator usage, reducing energy consumption, to provide comfortable, quick and safe environment. <br> 1. building automatic control system elevator monitoring <br> Building automatic control system is a computer on building device implementing integrated management .and control. Its elevator monitoring capabilities for: <br> (1) Elevator of run time control number; <br> (2) elevator operation monitoring; <br> (3) voice reporting services system; <br> (4) power .failure and emergency treatment; <br> (5) regularly inform maintenance and maintenance of single-listedAnd so on. <br> 2. fire alarm linkage control system elevator monitoring <br> Fire alarm linkage control system is a separate subsystem, its main .function is to monitor a building fire, its elevator outages and priority recognition than other systems. Fire alarm linkage control system elevator monitoring capabilities for: <br> (1) normal elevator usually affected by building automatic control system monitoring, when there is a fire ., the elevator is straight at the first floor, do not answer any internal and external call swap, back to the door after the first layer, cut off the power to stop using. <br> (2) fire elevator in case of fire, .the elevator is straight first-tier standby, cut off the normal power supply, emergency power supply. <br> 3. security control system elevator monitoring <br> Security monitoring system on elevator monitoring: in the elevator car and gate monitoring, installation of .access control system, Elevator according to IC card records security level automatically run to the floor. <br>.

【 Weak current College 】 DDC auto control of air-conditioning system saving energy by method

1. introduction

Energy conservation can be said to be the floor, Word automatically control system starting point and end point. We all know, in intelligent building, HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) systems that consume energy to account for the total energy consumption in the building of the great majority proportion, generally at 50 percent to 60 percent. Especially the cold: the Eastern units, cooling tower, circulating pumps and air conditioning units, air supply unit, energy consumption. Therefore it is necessary to develop an effective energy-saving air-conditioning system, especially with a method to improve existing building air-conditioning system automation. DDC (Directdigitalcontr01) direct digital control, is a simple operation and easy control of the device, it may transfer the equipment by the interface with the load changes for system control, such as air conditioning cooling water circulation system, air conditioning, automatic volume adjustment box frequency and cooling towers cooling fans, variable frequency control, you can have the air conditioning system more efficient operation, thus, not only to property management bring great benefits, but also allows the system to better condition run, thus lengthens the service life of equipment, as well as to provide a comfortable air-conditioned environment and energy saving.

Automatic control system introduction 2.DDC

DDC direct digital control is a simple micro-computer equipment, it shall be with the other components, such as frequency, temperature and humidity sensor, enthalpy difference controller, two way valve and other components to integrate with. These components of input and output with analog signal DC0 ~ 10V or 4-20mA, low-current for signal transmission, sent to the DDC controller. The DDC built-in software for evaluation after reverse output signal to control valve parts or converter to adjust the air conditioning. DDC auto control system peripherals and control functions.

2.1 direct digital control (DDC)

Refers to a digital computer direct manipulation of a State, or a set of programs to automatically control jobs. The use of the digital computer, you can use small microprocessor can also be equipped for Central type MCU appear online jobs. Air conditioning system commonly used control components, such as wind gate switches, valves, switches, relay, etc in order, irrespective of their original for pneumatic or electric, regardless of their role in the original action to adjust the size or just on or off action, may use the DDC for automated operation.

DDC system uses hardware and software to resize the control variables or pursuant to the operator's need to control the manufacturing process. Which control variables including temperature, pressure, relative humidity, flow, etc. Control procedures and the set point can make use of the software into the computer and to the operator of an amendment on the keyboard, so you can replace the last calibration hardware controller. DDC system can also be detected such as control of temperature, pressure, and advance the variables stored in the computer hope numeric comparison, if the test number is less than or greater than the expected value, the system will send out a series of digital pulse, the pulse is with electric converters for pneumatic (electrtC-to-pneUmatiCtransducer) or electric converters for electric (electric-to-electrlctransducer) into control device for adjusting the signal, and then through a computer of its output signal, and then manipulate its converter, so that the original line pneumatic or electric components according to indication signal operation. If air conditioning controller parts, original series pneumatic, plus a set of actions to be pneumatic, electrical signals to electrical signals into the computer. The original series electric operation components are also the same. As for input, the DDC system need not be subject to any hardware device, you can make any performance control of operations.

2.2 inverter

Inverter-driven motor is the use of diode, Rectifier power be rectified, then through capacitor smoothed to convert from AC DC. Use PowerTransister, SCR (Thynstor) will replace any frequency DC, and then to AC output. Induction motor with frequency inverter-driven help avoid motor magnetic gas saturation, but will also suppress starting current, and because of the drive motor and produce the necessary torque, it must control the output voltage of the inverter, echoing the frequency changes. The inverter can be divided into voltage-and current-converter-converter. Voltage-frequency converter using SCR or diode rectifier, reusable smoothing capacitor as voltage source. On the other hand, current-converter using SCR rectifier, open reactor, they may have current source SCR. The control has a voltage control and current control.

2.3 enthalpy difference controller

Enthalpy difference control means the air supply system, when the outdoor temperature is lower than room temperature, the use of the outdoor temperature air-conditioned indoor temperature. Enthalpy difference controller is determined by comparing the outdoor temperature controller and return air temperature and low but the door shut down large, or full open and full closed. Air volume control, you can take automatic and manual dual mode, the temperature (wet) of sensing, after the throttle and the frequency of double regulation, to achieve the indoor temperature and humidity can be set.

2.4 cooling towers cooling fan thermostat

Cooling water tower fans in different cooling load under its power to maintain a certain value, causing an electrical waste. Therefore, in cooling tower fan with variable frequency motor, and utilization of cooling water outlet temperature control fan motor start and stop and high and low speed, not only host can lower cooling water inlet temperatures do the high efficiency of operation and can effectively reduce the power consumption of the cooling tower fan.

3. building air-conditioning system schema

General building common air conditioning system with CAV, VAV, VWV etc with different play mode, you can use the DDC control.

3.1 air flow system (ConstantAirVolume, hereinafter referred to as CAV)

For air flow system for air conditioning blowing out of the air flow must be to provide air conditioning needed in cold regions (warm). When emptyAdjusting area load changes is to change the supply air temperature with indoor and reach to maintain indoor temperature in comfort zone requirements. Commonly used for AHU central air-conditioning system (air conditioner) and cold water pipe system (FCU). Both generally to air (CAV) to supply air conditioning area, in order to meet changes in the indoor part load, AHU for air flow system to air conditioner temperature air at the beginning of the process, in general the FCU to cold water valve system ON/OFF control to adjust the supply air temperature.

3.2 VAV system (VAV)

VAV system (VarlableAirVolume, hereinafter referred to as VAV) is the air conditioners (AHU or FCU) can reduce VAV. Commonly used for AHU central air-conditioning system (air conditioner) and cold water pipe systems FCU system. Both generally to air (CAV) to supply air conditioning area, in order to meet changes in the indoor part load, AHU for air flow system to air conditioner temperature air at the beginning of the process, in general the FCU to cold water valve system ON/OFF control to adjust the supply air temperature. However, both in the air supply system on wasted energy. Because in the long term low load blowers are also wide wind speed and power, this is not only difficult to maintain a stable temperature and humidity conditions of indoor or wasting a lot of energy supply air operation. VAV system is designed for air supply system power-saving countermeasures. deficiencies VAV system can be divided into two: one for AHU wind pipes system air conditioners of VAV system (AHU-VAV system); a FCU system indoor fans in VAV system (FCU-VAV system). AHU-VAV system is in the air duct system will supply air temperature constant but to adjust blower air ways to cope with changes in indoor air conditioning load. FCU-VAV system is cold water supply, while indoors FCU installs the constant variable power controller change air, i.e. change the rate of heat FCU to regulate indoor load change. This two ways through air flow adjustment to reduce the power consumption of fan, but also can increase the efficiency of heat source equipment operation and saving heat power, so you can in the air and heat both for energy saving effect.

3.3 variable flow system (VWV)

The so-called variable flow system (VariableWaterVolume, hereinafter referred to as VWV), is to a certain temperature supply air conditioners to improve the efficiency of the heat source machine, and a special water pump to change sent, by the way reach saving water pump power. Vwv on the pump system for energy efficiency as water pump control and vary with the proportions VWV, general control way VWV stepless speed (SP) and bi-directional valve control. The above three air conditioning system is by far the most often used by air-conditioning system design. Central air-conditioning control also is the pipe, pipe fittings, valve or valves delivers centralized set control fluid cooling. So the effective combination of central air-conditioning control that can effectively control the consumption of energy, energy saving design conforms to the air conditioning system.

4. different self-adjusting device use DDC method

DDC devices in the market of the product, the manufacturer of the model, the suite are different, but similar. As long as the analogy signal input through digital processing, you can make the computer controls and settings. When these digital controlof air conditioning equipment, integration with the following:

4.1FCU used in fixed air flow system (CAV) regional air conditioning

Because it is a fixed amount of wind system, so we control water cooling system on two way valve. When the room temperature rise, indoor takes to send out signals to the controller, the controller receives a signal and set temperature, the output signal to the cold water pipe on valve. Control two way valve open, so that the circulating air is cooled into the Interior. If the room temperature drops too much, coil fan for uninstall. Indoor temperature takes to send signals to the controller to the analog input, controller and set temperature, the output analog signal to the cold water pipe on valve closed. There are also two way valve proportional type, this proportion type two way valve to control the size of the row into the cold water so that the air conditioning more flexible control, maintain the room temperature above and below the set value.

4.2AHU is used in VAV system (VAV) regional air conditioning

Building common air conditioning systems to the preset temperature and wind is control. By sending, air and gas temperature SENSOR to control the motor speed. Control procedures are as follows:

(1) the air temperature induction to the heat exchanger (set of 12 ° c), DDC control two way valve open.

(2) send the air-conditioning, cold water temperature sensor for cold water and leave the measured temperature cold-, adjust the outlet temperature conditions, continue to use DDC control AHU converter changes the motor speed out of ideal outlet temperature.

(3) when the cold water valve down to 12 ° c, DDC controller open foreign gas and return air throttle, integrated air supply temperature until external gas air door closed to most small opening to maintain 12 ° c air temperature, can be cum outside air conditioning use.

(4) the low temperature limit temperature control for induction hybrid to protect ice cold row.

4.3 do cold water host switch machine and condition records

General building air-conditioning system daily cold water host switch machine, largely artificial to manipulation. The main power on loaded programs from people to monitor more flexible. Therefore, the operations staff is important, but who want to rest will shift, therefore there is no operation of chiller hosts a set of effective management. DDC can set all switching machine procedures and standards, not relent in our class. Host control system equipped with analog signal adapter card transforms communications, together with a list of machines that can put all running in a day where displayed. In case of jump machine and instant notification technology personnel to view.

5. concluding remarks

Use DDCSystem to control the air conditioning system, the most important is not the ideal way for improvement of the control. Over the years, the domestic air-conditioning host device, in the operators in accordance with government standards high EER or COP be improved have a good product.The need for complementary measures is the integration of DDC control system, use it with load quickly and effectively adjust the fan motor speed up energy-saving targets.

【 Weak current College 】 elevator should be noted that several technical issues

As a building with lift is increasing, more and more investors and design units encounter such a problem — how to choose for your project? this article in conjunction with the elevator lift some technical problems on some selection configuration should be taken note.
1. determine the main parameters of the transmission capacity — lift the quantity, the load capacity and rated speed
The elevator should have adequate transmission capacity. Conveying capacity can meet 5 minutes peak demand by ladder, you can view elevator choice is reasonable.
Elevator arrival hall interval should not be too long. General requirements should not exceed 2-3 minutes. Simple estimation methods: elevator from the bottom to the top level should not exceed 45 ~ 60s.
Waiting time and staircase time should be as short as possible. This is to meet the requirements of passengers. More acceptable limit is: Hou staircase no more than 30 s, staircase time does not exceed the 90s.
At present it is worth noting that the blind pursuit of lift speed. High-speed elevators would not necessarily reduce the staircase time, improving transportation efficiency. In fact also consider building height, number of stops and dispatch station, not too high, and stop a few more buildings, high-speed elevator only in General, low-speed operation, and high-speed elevator and escalator stop layer of medium-speed switch time and passengers are time little difference. In order to improve efficiency, reduce the elevator passengers staircase time, in recent years there has been direct dock, open the door, the door in advance and other new technology quickly. Direct dock is running curve off slow leveling period, elevator from the rated speed is reduced by a reduction in speed to zero velocity, this is just flat floor location. If there is a slight deviation, available "relevelling" technology be adjusted; advance door refers cabin had not yet reached zero velocity is not completely flat layer ofa safe distance from the start actions within open machine, pending the car entirely accurate when leveling the door was open; fast door basically refers to meet maximum blocking the door and the door maximum kinetic energy limitations increase closed average speed, thus shortening the closing time. These measures in each stop of leveling and switch saves time in the process appears to be no more, but many tier points accumulated its effect than simply improve elevator speed is much better.
2. the need to focus on the consideration of technology performance — reliability, advanced quality and comfort
The so-called reliability refers to the elevator system within the prescribed time, the ability to maintain the required functionality is built in a large number of statistical data based on the concept of probability. Our reliability requirements for elevators refers to failure at run time to as little as possible, and in the event of a failure to be able to easily excluded. While the impact on the safety aspects such as safety clamp, speed limiter, safety edge, grating door area protection system to absolutely cannot fail.
Elevator's advancement at present mainly in drag and control technology, power electronics and computer technology has fundamental progress, vector control FM surge control technology (VVVF) makes the induction motor speed performance achieved the level of DC motor using the computer logic control system are replacing relay and elevator control, network control and application of fuzzy control theory and elevator dispatching control intelligent direction.
Comfort mainly refers to the elevator of acceleration, vibration, noise, decoration, lighting, and other indicators, which aims to provide a full and comfortable environment by ladder. Early comfort requirements mainly overweight and weightlessness, annoying noise and anxiety, and other control in the passengers endure scope; modern comfort the pursuit of the passengers is not only physically but also psychologically to ride the elevator to go up and down when the "enjoyment".
In the elevator when obviously reliability is the most important indicators. GB GB10058 provides: elevator operation breakdown of less than 6 million times 5 times as qualified product, less than 2 times as first-class materials, less than 1 time for excellence in goods, and in Appendix b defines the fault. Now you should be aware of the reliability of ignoring trends, there is a noteworthy trend is excessive pursuit of comfort. Some projects in the elevator when the elevator deliberately observe slight vibration, noise and the decoration of the "beauty effect", not on other technical issues, eventually causing the selection slip, this case can be said that nothing new.
3. drag the control – AC two-speed, voltage converter and FM speed
Elevator stop layer ladder without zero. Normal run-time to the rated speed for uniform linear motion. At zero speed and rated speed for acceleration or deceleration transition, this time motor speed control called speed.
In the cabin for acceleration or deceleration movement, passengers will be overweight and weightlessness. Ordinary people on overweight and weightlessness of carrying capacity is very limited, the Chinese GB GB10058 provides a value cannot be greater than 1.5m/s2. In addition, if the acceleration is always tired, passengers will have the feeling of being even vertigo. This requires the acceleration rate as small as possible. DC motor with good speed performance, but DC motor with a power ring, a large maintenance workload. AC induction motor with simple structure, reliable performance, along with the computer and the development of power electronics technology, with different timing modes to meet the different needs of lift. Low-speed elevator often adopts AC two-speed (AC-2) programme, fewer failure points low probability. The main drawback is leveling accuracy and riding comfort a trade-off. Medium-speed elevator use of adjusting speed (ACVV) technology. This method is used to change the speed of change of motor torque, the motor torque and load torque adjustment, the difference between the positive and negative control motor angular acceleration, and full closed loop control of the elevator in controlled velocity and Acceleration, has become the dominant products made in the elevator.
In the last decade has FM surge speed (VVVF) new technology. This conversion technology is developing rapidly, its speed performance has fully comparable with the DC motor. In addition to the excellent comfort, leveling accuracy has also greatly improved, but also provides significant energy saving effects.
4. signal control – relays, PC and PC
Passenger lift, first in the floor to lift a call signal and entered the elevator car and want to register his going to the floor. These numbers will be randomly, the elevator is going to keep the signal controller records and make arrangements for the implementation of the order, this is the elevator of signal control or logic control technology. Generally, early elevator and drivers to handle signals and issued a directive that this control is called the signal control. Then use logical line according to the rules of procedure for answering and execution, Elevator can have drivers or no drivers, this control is called the set control. When the elevator Hall is equipped with 2-3 elevators, accessible by common call button enables the elevator complying with the provisions of the order automatically scheduling, this control is called parallel control. When there are multiple elevators installed, increasing the number of signals, the controller according to the operation of any lift quickly and in accordance with established scheduling technology to automatically dispatch called elevators were to answer the call of the stations, this control is called a group control.
Signal control and relatively simple set of control over an extended period of time is achieved by a relay. Later, with the development of computer technology, industrial common PLC-PC. In the number of stations and features require more cases, many elevator companies use 8-bit, 16-bit or 32-bit MCU developed dedicated microcomputer control system, also uses serial communications, microcomputer network control and other new technologies, in the scheduling system design and introduction of fuzzy control theory, the elevator in addition to many new functional reliability and scheduling efficiency has improved significantly.
5. should pay attention to one model-hydraulic elevator
Hydraulic elevator rise of uniform linear motion through the pump to certain flow to the oil cylinder injection plunger oil to rise, decline of uniform linear motion through the fuel tank of oil to certain flow into the tank, the cabin weight plunger down, there is a timing problem. In the cabin rises in general there are two ways, one is the volume control, or is called pump control cylinder speed control, throttle control, or is called valve cylinder control speed. In the car down general use throttle control.
Advantages of hydraulic elevator is low on the engine room, with a larger carrying capacity, safety issues are also relatively small. The disadvantage is that the limited lifting height, generally not more than 6-storey building; elevator speed nor very quickly, generally not more than 1m/s.
Freight elevator, especially large-tonnage (2t) freight elevator, priority should be given to the selection of hydraulic elevator. Old building additional lift is hard to find a suitable room and well road, hydraulic elevator showed obvious advantages. In addition, villa-style 2-3-storey residential elevator for settings, hydraulic elevator is undoubtedly the most desirable models.