Weak knowledge of building control

Monday, February 7, 2011

Weak current College】【analysis of ground source heat and hot water heating system combines the features of.

Because of the heat pump (heat pump, water source heat pumps) for the low-water temperature, which makes it as low-temperature hot water floor heating (hereinafter referred to as the "hot-water floor heating") system .of a heat source. Because of the heat pump in Shijiazhuang application range is becoming more and more widely, it is a heat pump combination with hot-water heating for residents. This article in Shijiazhuang city, district heating system applications, for example, analysis .of ground source heat and hot water heating system based on the combination of features. An introduction to the Garden State Ann residential district is a project of Hebei Commission approval of a large affordable housing projects ., from Shijiazhuang municipal affordable housing development center. Community planning 36 hectares, with a total construction area 33.43 million square meters, can provide boutique residence in the community more than 3000. Community development will enhance the city's image, to speed up the process of urbanization .in the Southeast Division, urban economic prosperity have immeasurable impact. The project is divided into two phases of construction, the first phase of the project already in December 2007 have been delivered to the owner's key. Ann residential district is .located in Shijiazhuang city development main direction - Southeast direction, press the city master plan, the community in the city center. Since no municipal heat supply facilities, combined with the heat pump has several advantages, so the community planning will heat pumps as a heat .source, part of building a water source heat pump, part of the building using ground source heat pump, indoor heating system in the form of low-temperature floor heating. Ground source heat pump technology was born in the mid .-1980s. The technology intelligently leverage storage in the heat of the Earth surface, extracting heat from the ground in winter, the summer heat in the building and placed underground for winter and summer heating and cooling needs energy. Compared with other sources of energy, .this energy is obviously very energy efficient - to produce 100% usable thermal energy, General heating boiler needs a 110% to 120% of primary energy (fuel or gas), and this resource is not renewable, burning after causing environmental pollution. But the .opposite of ground source heat pump system, producing the same amount of heat energy, it only requires a power of 1 / 4, other 3 / 4 of the energy from the nature of the renewable energy in free. Ground source heat pump consists of a .ground-coupled heat exchanger, the switch either horizontally installed in a pit, or to the u-tube vertically mounted in the shaft. Different pipe Groove or shaft of a heat exchanger into parallel connection, and then through a different set pipe enters the building .and building water loop. In the liquid temperature is low, the system needed to join the antifreeze, northern areas of application should pay special attention. On-site survey In the decision to use .ground-source heat pump, related departments on situations in the field have accurate and detailed resources. Although some areas may be ground source heat pump installed because some special situation increases the equipment or installation costs, but most of the region is suitable for installation. .According to engineering practice, the adaptability to any place of the assessment should take full account of the situation of the local geology, including loose soil in the natural state and load the density, soil and water-bearing layers of the situation after the load, .the rock layers of rock bed structure. According to the geological reports, relevant aspects for ground source heat pump system. The beginning of the work on the identification of local conditions, to ensure that the design period to avoid experiencing .potentially complex issues, and design departments also need such information in order to select the most suitable drilling and mining equipment, and you can save a lot of time and money. Programme selection In the .field on the basis of the findings of the investigation to determine the heat exchanger is the layout: layout with a vertical shaft or horizontal layout. On the surface area of the site available is one of the factors must be considered .. In layout, the vertical spacing of 4.6 meters above sea level, this is to ensure that in most cases the shaft between the thermal noise and (or) is the accumulation of heat is negligible, and you can guarantee that after that .determine the various parameters of the shaft to meet design requirements. Although the double u-tube/shaft structure of heat than single u-tube/shaft structure per ton of heat exchanger requires additional pipeline, but assessment showed that .for less drill shaft and savings can compensate for the increase in the number of pipeline and increased costs. Parallel pipe vertical heat exchanger and in-line pipe vertical heat exchanger, u-tube wells can be smaller, which can .reduce costs, cost pipeline antifreeze. Due to the smaller pipe making easier, labour costs may also be reduced. And U-shaped tube diameter of the shaft diameter is reduced correspondingly smaller, drilling costs can be reduced correspondingly. Parallel pipe heat exchanger same loop .sets all of the connected shafts of heat radiation is the same, and in-line heat exchanger each shaft of heat is different. Vertical soil heat exchanger depending on the load of the building. Building load is building type, .size, position, internal load (that is, the device uses heat, lighting, heating), outdoor air permeability, solar radiation heat gain and maintain structures and ventilation function. Other soil heat exchanger volume along with the average temperature and overburden (soil) .and rock, underground floors have heat transfer coefficient, the efficiency of heat pump and heat exchanger tube size. Ground source heat pumps and water heating to warm the advantages of combining Ground source heat pump .system with very little outdoor equipment and rooms can be arranged in the basement, saving costly maintenance and security costs. There is no roof, no roof-bearing, modification or obscurations, greatly reducing the external noise and architectural beauty has been very well maintained. . Residential community using ground source heat pump is an important reason - will give developers bring great benefits. The benefits of using ground source heat pumps, for those who do not have municipal heat supply of the community particularly obvious. And .municipal heat supply of the community can also use ground-source heat pump. This is because municipal heat supply interface charges quite expensive: residential General 40 Yuan / square meter, andThe Government has a file, prohibiting the developer from the owners receive heating set tariff .. On the other hand, the ground-source heat pump running cost is low, but the Government has not yet promulgated file specific provisions to the heat pump to heat source of community residents in winter heating costs charged value. Currently the owners pay for the .class fee and municipal heating heating heating period the same, ie (4 months) 18.4 Yuan / square meters. In this way, you can get some property companies. In the garden, indoor heating is used in low-temperature floor heating. Because of .the heat pump of water temperature is 50 ° c ~ 60 ° c and meets the radiant floor heating system is not higher than 60 ° c, without increasing the heat transfer equipment, significantly reducing investment, this is also combined the two greatest advantage. < .br> .

【 Weak current College 】 principle of centrifugal pumps and major components

Present in all areas of the national economy, since selection is not reasonable, many of the pump is not reasonable health, low efficiency, waste a lot of energy. A selection of the pump as unreasonable, would not be able to use, or maintenance costs increase, economic efficiency is low. This shows that a reasonable selection of pumps on saving energy also has important significance.
The so-called reasonable selected pump was to be considered pump and pump station of investment and operating costs, and so on comprehensive technical and economic indicators, bring it into line with economic, safety, the applicable principles. Specifically, the following areas:
1 must meet the use flow rate and head's request that the requirements of the pump operating point (device characteristic curve and the pump performance curve of intersection points) are kept in high interval running, so that both provincial power and not easily damaged parts.
2 choose pump to small volume, light weight, low cost, but also has good characteristics and high efficiency.
3 excellent resistance to cavitation performance, so that both can reduce the depth of excavation, pump room and do not make the pump cavitation, smooth running, long service life.
4 press the selected pump pumping station construction, engineering, low investment, low running cost.
Selection procedure
First, the lists of basic data:
1, media: media names, specific gravity, viscosity, corrosive, toxic, etc.
2. media containing solid particle diameter, content.
3, medium temperature (℃)
4, the flow of general industrial pumps in technological process can ignore the pipeline system leakage, but must take into account technological changes to flow in. Agricultural pumps if used is the open-channel water, must also consider the seepage and evaporation.
5. pressure: sump pond discharge pressure, pressure, the pressure in the piping system is poor (head loss).
6. piping system data (diameter, length, piping attachment types and numbers of the sump to pressure tank geometric standard advanced). If you want to make a device should also be the characteristic curve. In designing the layout of the pipeline, you should be aware of the following matters:
A reasonable choice, pipe diameter, pipe diameter, in the same flow, flow rate, pressure loss is small, but the price is high, the pipe diameter is small, can cause a dramatic increase in resistance loss such that the pump head, equipped with power increase, costs and operating costs are increasing. So from a technical and economic point of view.
Exhaust pipe and B, fitting should consider can bear the pressure of Max.
C, piping layout should, as far as possible, arranged the straight pipe, minimize pipeline accessories and minimize the pipe length, must turn, bend bend radius should be pipe diameter 3-5 times, as far as possible, greater than 90 ° angle.
D, pump discharge side must be fitted with a valve (ball valve or valves, etc.) and non-return valve. Valve is used to adjust the pump operating point, when the liquid back check valve to prevent pump reversal, and the pump to avoid water hammer blow. (When the liquid flow backwards, will produce great reverse pressure pump damage)
Second, determine flow head flow determination
A production process, if you have been given minimum, normal, maximum flow rate should be considered the maximum flow.
B, if the production process only gives the normal flow, you should consider to stay there. For ns > 100 high-traffic low lift pumps, flow margin for 5% of the ns < 50 small high-lift pump, flow margin by 10%, 50% ≤ 100 ns ≤ pump, flow margin also take 5% on poor quality and operating conditions of pump, flow margin should take 10%.
C, if basic data only to the weight of traffic, you should convert volume flow.

Weak current College】【air conditioning not all refrigeration.

1. fault code contains the contents of the fault For the meaning of the code does not know that it doesn't matter, but for the universality of the code contains fault content must master, the following .list the air conditioner fault code meaning, simply said, meaning no matter what your code. 1. sensor open circuit Sensor open circuit was due to a lead line, plug-ins is bad, socket solder, short- .circuit resistance due to smaller than 200 Ω, circuit board with electric leakage or symbol leakage, etc. High pressure and low pressure protection; Four-way valve switching fault protection; Three-phase phase sequence and .phase protection. Overvoltage and less voltage, normal voltage range from 10% (200-240V). 4. run the test parameters Refrigeration thermal turn coil temperature is too high, cold protection; .Heating indoor thermal turn coil temperature too low, thermal protection; Compressor thermal overload switch actions; Outdoor check flow protection (including check flow coil circuit, short circuit, the wire did not go through, etc.); < .br> Detection of fan speed circuit damage, the electrical fault (inner fan, fan stalled, not running protect); Indoor and outdoor communication failures, failure of communication between indoor Board; Of course not every air conditioner has .shown above failure, but when the air conditioning failure, we should be aware that there may be many of the factors above, to the benefit of our troubleshooting. II. analysis and troubleshooting and repair The failure of so many .of the displaying code, do not know the meaning of the case, is it not the hands of the following? according to repair experience and failure characteristics and can be quickly solved. 1. high failure rate According to the .air conditioning maintenance summary, found that the following is the main reason air conditioning failure, in the actual repair process, the most high failure rate. (1) indoor heat exchanger coil temperature sensor failure rate of most high, even if not .bad, it detects the failure rate is relatively high. So if you think might sensor, may wish to examine and substitution. (2) lack of fluoride is the common faults, in air conditioning working time protection, first of all you .should check the cooling effect is good, the bad, then be sure to make air conditioning the three pressure measurements, refrigeration for balance pressure and low pressure measurements, heating for balance pressure and high pressure measurement. (3) the power supply .voltage is also very prominent, especially peak. For three-phase AC cannot start first check object is the phase sequence. Air conditioner power checks focused on contact (air conditioning and total power switch) is spark erosion, poor contact, whether .total power switch internal resistance, contact good meets current capacity, the total power cord is too long, the voltage is lower than 200V. Zero line and ground wire is attached, three-phase by phase and zero line is connected and concrete ., etc. (4) high pressure protection, especially in the summer cooling when the outdoor heat. Compressor overload protection, higher temperature in summer and peak common. (5) remote control receiver and display boards circuit is multiple .failures, the voltage measurement and substitution for the optimal choice. (6) for the environment in poor areas. To connect, and outside the main check all cables for indoor gnawed off, this is a more frequent failures, circuit board and .button is damp. (7) there are lengthened and outside machines pipes and cable joints is failure of multiple points, the wire connector is welded with a waterproof insulation blankets parcels partially installed, simply twist together with common blanket a package. < .br> (8) air conditioning of the connector is bad and is also one of the causes of malfunctions. 2. the judgment of fault protection time According to air protection time for fault analysis is also a good way of .protecting basic air conditioning can be divided into power cannot start protection startup protection within a short time, after 10-15 minutes, four indefinite time protection, etc. (1) power not boot protection, but also the power even if they .don't start will also be protected. This situation is mainly composed of sensor, short circuit, open circuit, power supply, CPU peripheral circuit abnormalities, communication failures, failures etc. Circuit Board (2) started a short time protection .mainly Interior and exterior fan rotation exception or do not go, Hall speed component damage, check flow coil circuit failure, etc., so that the CPU will not detect normal voltage signal. Compressor leakage, stalling, winding short-circuit, short to start .. (3) start after 10-15 minutes, the main is to check whether the normal refrigeration system, cooling effect properly and that it lacks the fluoride, or indoor heat exchanger coil temperature sensor is metamorphic deviates from the normal resistance. . (4) the protection of irregular mainly refrigeration cooling, heating heat, pressure, current, the compressor is in low voltage power cables run, air conditioning, outdoor heat contact problems, frequency conversion module thermal flow, etc. .3. troubleshoot circuit board and external reasons Familiar with circuit structure, the first distinguish between inside and outside the circuit of control panels, external detection, external control, etc., to distinguish fault is internal or external - determine circuit control failures .or refrigeration system failure - judgment of indoor or outdoor. (1) analysis of the circuit. Analysis out and circuit board attached to each thread or plug, find used to detect air conditioning performance of the external lines, check these line exists .obvious and short-circuit. (2) judgment of the Board and external fault. Circuit board peripheral line basic properly, can be broadly judgment circuit board for failures. Available through voltage testing and functionality testing fails check. Like .to be able to remote control receives a beep, internal fan properly, heating operation four-way valve with fundamental working sound can judge the dashboard properly. R> powered remote control does not receive the exception, not the .Beep action itself, the work program, to determine the PCB disorder itself is bad, or + 12V and + 5V power supply, public power circuit with circuit breakers, etc. I do not know the meaning of code in a spirit of .simple economic difficult after propagation, a first-come, first-in General after the check, the key point of pressure, voltage, current, and resistance measurements, to achieve rapid troubleshooting purposes. (1) total General check: < .br> Observation on the protection and power-on hours of troubleshooting. Remote control can work, receiving head three voltage is normal. Interior and exterior fan is running. Protection before the sign. .The sensor has no obvious open circuit, short circuit. Indoor unit is dirty filters blocking, whether cooling-performing outdoor unit, poor ventilation. User power check including phase sequence, voltage, power, wire diameter, contacts, .etc. 220V voltage and current measurement. Outdoor unit four-way valve can heating action, the compressor and the fan, if one does not work. Loosen external machine wiring cover measurement voltage 220V, communications, .the next section is bad. Remove the outer machine large cover check compressor capacitor, the fan capacitor. Inverter air conditioner would also measure the voltage, external machine PN inverter template output voltage, etc. (2 .) regular checking of circuit board: Fuses, Varistors is burned. + 12V, + 5V not normal filter capacitors, transformers, coils of on / off, load and no-load voltage, CPU power, the driver IC .and transistor voltage. Reset the CPU voltage, the terminals are virtual welding, welding, 4M Crystal substitution. Remote control reception, display circuit measurement and substitution. Each relay in particular whether the power relay terminals, .all plugs solder is bad. CPU input signal and output signal voltage-driven process measurement. Circuit boards are negative for flooding, corrosion, dirt, check whether the coils of wire through the skeleton, the thread has no loose .and falling off. (3) a regular check of the refrigeration system: Refrigeration system balance pressure, low-voltage or high pressure measurement. Current measurement, observation of the gas and liquid valve of dew condensation ., two valve opening. Check out hole tube bending, whether to lengthen the line between inside and outside and conductors. (1) if there is a three-phase control must first phase sequence. (2) plug in .the power and power no song or direction, display, or song of exception, be sure to check the power supply. Including user power supply, power supply, etc, have the computer's power supply is provided from outside to inside, outside a transformer and .fuse. (3) check the CPU work conditions. CPU working conditions including the + 5V, reset (RC-4.8V, integrated 3V), substitution lens, peripheral circuits with no leakage or short circuit. (4 .) plugged in has no sounds, remote control, remote control or the song received header failed. (5) there are plugged in, remote control, a song for several seconds, check the sensor appears open circuit, short circuit, pressure .switch, temperature switch, circuit breaker. 6. auxiliary method checks (1) the use of fault display priority characteristics reasoning fault component Air conditioning failure detection and display are a priority, the repair process may use .this feature to exclude non-faulty parts, analysis of the failed site. For example, a single "beautiful" cupboard, E3 show, the individually swappable three sensors, the display changes when drawing room pipe temperature sensor, the letters unchanged, judge their .damage, open panels are the cause. (2) using the debug function sensor fault Debugging features are automatic and forced cooling. Take advantage of automatic function can judge the Interior ring temperature sensor malfunction, the use of forced cooling .can determine whether a sensor fault, because only the forced cooling conditions, temperature controlled compressors other temperature has no effect. (3) Cabinet machine Panel button or hang-up button to ensure that no leakage. Air conditioning of .buttons work in humid environment or use wear, will cause the button has the adhesion or leakage, causing CPU protection, problems can use soldering iron ironing terminals or welding machine for under and try again. In sum, the overhaul process we need .to target specific symptoms are reasonable analysis, and then decide what means check what parts, instead of saying to the above said one by one in order to check .

【 Weak current College 】 definition and classification of water pump---Power By 【 China power house network 】

1. the definition of water pump
When someone asked what is a water pump, some people may say, water is a liquid suction or improve machine, people use pumps liquid from low to high. So to define water pump, on some occasions there are its rationality, hard to pump does play a role in this.
Water pump as a kind of General machinery, in modern society is widely used in various sectors of the national economy. In many applications the pump sector, and are not all used pumps liquid from low to high, is the use of the pump to the pressure of liquid increase, some even is the liquid from above sent to low, the purpose of the use. Therefore, the above definition is not comprehensive enough water pump, it does not inherently reveal pump function.
The pump should be defined in terms of: the pump is a conversion of mechanical energy, through the work of the campaign, plus the energy to be pumping liquid, making it the so-called energy increase. because the work of the pump categories vary, either solid or liquid or gas. Plus energy generally is the prime mover of mechanical energy, electricity may be other sources of energy. Need a mountain: modern pump in addition to the pump, you can also send other liquids, or even only with blocks of solid particles, such as mud pastes, slurry, ash, concrete, paper, cosmetics, etc. As most of the occasions pump is used for pumping water, therefore, traditionally called pump, you can also press the only media to address, such as pumps, slurry pumps, etc.

2. classification of water pump
There are many kinds of pumps, focus, it is not ' classification methods most basic classification according to the pump works, it is divided into the following three broad categories.

(1) the vane pump. It is the use of pump body working within the high-speed rotary movement of the liquid energy increases. Because its working body is made up of bend an impeller blades, therefore calls the vane pump. According to the different leaf shapes on the flow generated by forcing a different, and the flow direction of flow impeller is correspondingly different, and there are centrifugal vane pump (flow), axial-flow pumps (axial) and mixed-flow pump (diagonal).

(2) the positive displacement pump. It is through the pump work on liquid liquid's movement to squeeze the energy increases. Because it is working with alternating change liquid volume of space to squeeze, therefore calls volume pump. According to the press campaign in different ways, and it is divided into reciprocating pumps and Rotary pump, e.g. piston pump, piston pump, etc, the latter as the gear pump, pump, etc.

(3) other type pump. This type of pump is usually a means vane pumps and volumetric pump away some special pump. Belong to this category of soil to have a Jet pump, air-lift pump, water pump, etc. These pump characteristics is its working body is the liquid or gas, which utilizes high-speed movement of fluid for energy conversion, that is only to increase liquid energy.

Classification is man-made, in addition to the classification of the pump, you can have a different sorting method. For example: according to the pumping liquid increased energy properties of the different classification; according to pump the use of different classifications of energy; according to the pump uses different classification; and by pumping liquid nature of different sorting, etc, not in this list.

In the above three kinds of pumps, vane pumps with widely used, reliable operation, high efficiency, low cost, widely used in the production and all aspects of life, especially water and urban and rural and industrial supply, drainage, the vast majority is vane pump.

Weak current College】【infrared thermometer principle as well as product knowledge.

Working principle Infrared thermometer by optical system, photoelectric detector, signals and signal processing large-display output. Optical system brings together its vision of infrared radiation, infrared energy focusing on the photoelectric detector and transformed into the corresponding signal, .the signal then by conversion into the measured temperature value of the target. Use infrared thermometer benefits Convenient! infrared thermometer can quickly provide temperature measurement, thermal leakage even read an attachment point of time, using infrared thermometer .read almost all the connection points of temperature. Because infrared thermometer solid, lightweight (10 ounces lighter than all), and when not in easy-to-on leather. So when you're in the factory inspections and routine inspection is portable. < .br> Precise! infrared thermometer for another advanced is accurate, and often precision is less than 1 degree. This kind of performance you do preventative maintenance is of particular importance, such as monitoring difficult production conditions and will result in equipment damage or .special event of downtime. Because most of the equipment and factory operation 365 days, downtime is equivalent to the reduction of income, to prevent such loss, by scanning all live electronic equipment-circuit breakers, transformers, fuses, switches, bus and power strips .to find hot spots. Use infrared thermometer, you even can quickly detect slight changes in the operating temperature, when in its sprout to problem solving, and reduce equipment failure and repair. -Security safe! is to use the .infrared thermometer is the most important benefits. Different from the contact temperature measurement, infrared thermometer can safely read inaccessible or unreachable target temperature, you can instrument within the scope allowed by the target temperature is read. Non-contact temperature measurements can also be used in .an unsafe or contact temperature measurement in difficult areas, like the steam valve or heater, they don't need to risk contact temperature measurement at the cannibals would burn your fingers. Higher than the top 25 feet for / back to the accurate measurement of air .temperature in the measurement as easily at hand. Raytek (Raytek), times (TIME) infrared thermometer with laser sighting, easy to identify the target area. With it your work becomes easier. Infrared thermometer with .the main areas where Infrared thermometer has proved to be testing and diagnostics of electronic equipment failure and effective tool. You can save a lot of expenses, infrared thermometer, you can diagnose the problem and electronic connection by looking at the DC output filter .on the battery connections, to detect the uninterruptible power supply (UPS) function, you can check battery components and power distribution board connector, switch gear or fuse connection to prevent energy consumption; as a result of loose connectors and combination produces heat, infrared thermometer .will help identify loop broken insulation fault. or monitor electronic compressor; daily scans to detect a transformer's hot cracking of the windings and the terminal block. How to use an infrared thermometer to measure temperature, xinchang Forum . Raytek (Raytek), times (TIME) and non-contact thermometer of three temperature measurement technology: Point measurement: determination of objects all surface temperature, engine or other equipment Temperature measurement: comparison of two independent .point of measuring temperature, like connector or circuit breaker Scanning measurement: detection in wide area or continuous regional objectives change. As refrigeration piping or distribution. Select infrared thermometer key considerations Temperature .range: Raytek (Raytek), times (TIME) product temperature range is-500 ~ 3000 degrees (above), each type of thermometer has its specific temperature range. The selected instrument temperature range with specific application temperature range match. - .Target size: temperature, measured targets should be greater than thermometer field, otherwise the measurement errors. Recommended dimensions of the measured object exceeds thermometer 50% field of view as well. Optical resolution (D: S): namely .the thermometer probe to the target ratio of the diameter. If the thermometer off target, target and small, should select the high-resolution thermometer. Accurate measurement of temperature techniques -When the luminous .surface temperature, such as aluminum and stainless steel, surface reflection affect infrared thermometer reading. Before reading the temperature, you can put a strip of metal surface, the temperature equilibrium, measurement temperature Strip area. -To infrared thermometer can be accessed .from the kitchen to the frozen zone walking up and down will still be able to provide precise temperature measurement, in the new environment after a period of time to reach the temperature of the balance after the measurement. It is best to put the thermometer used in .the workplace. Use infrared thermometer reads the internal temperature of the liquid food, like a soup or sauce, stir, then you can measure surface temperature. The thermometer away from steam to avoid pollution of the lens, resulting in incorrect readings. . How to properly select infrared thermometer Infrared temperature measurement technology in product quality control and monitoring, device online troubleshooting, security, protection and conservation of energy is playing an important role to play. In the .last 20 years, non-contact infrared thermometer is technically is the rapid development, performance continues to improve, scope of application is expanding, the market share year on year growth. Compared to contact temperature measurement, infrared temperature measurement with fast response times, contactless ., use safety and long life and other advantages. Non-contact infrared temperature measurement products include portable, on-line and scan-three series, and is equipped with various accessories and appropriate computer software, each series and the .various models and specifications. In different specifications of various types of thermometer, the proper selection of infrared thermometer model to the user, is very important. Here is how to correctly select thermometer type of steps for the purchaser. Infrared .thermometer working principle Understanding Group thermometer works, technical indicators, environmental conditions and the operation and maintenance to help customers in the proper selection and use of infrared thermometer. All temperature above absolute zero (- .273 ° c) objects are kept to the surrounding space issue infrared radiation energy. Objects of infrared radiation characteristics of a radiated energy's size and distribution by wavelength of a and its surface temperature is very closely related. Thus, through the object's own radiation measurement of .infrared energy, will be able to accurately measure the surface temperature, this is the infrared radiation Thermometry is based on an objective basis. Law of blackbody radiation: Blackbody is an idealization of the radiator ., it absorbs all wavelengths of radiation energy, did not reflection and through energy, its surface emissivity is 1. It should be noted that, in nature and does not exist the real bold, but in order to clarify and obtain infrared radiation distribution, in .theory you must select the appropriate model, which is the body cavity of Planck's radiation of quantum oscillator model to export the Planck's law of blackbody radiation, wavelength said of blackbody radiation spectra, this is all theory of infrared radiation, therefore calls the law of blackbody .radiation. Object emissivity effect on radiation Thermometry: The nature of the actual object, not a blackbody. All the actual object of radiation wavelength than dependent radiation and temperature of a body, and form .the object of material types, preparation method, thermal process, as well as surface and environmental conditions and other factors. Therefore, in order to make the blackbody radiation law applies to all actual objects, you must introduce a and material properties and surface condition of .scaling factors, namely the emissivity. The coefficient indicates that the actual object in thermal radiation and how closely the blackbody radiation, its value is zero and less than 1 between the numeric value. According to the radiation law, as long as known material emissivity, .know any objects of infrared radiation. The main factor affecting emissivity in: Material type, surface roughness, physical and chemical structure and material thickness, etc. When using .infrared radiation thermometer to measure the target temperatures must first measure goals in the wavelength range of infrared radiation, and then by the thermometer calculated temperature of the measured object. Monochrome thermometer and-band radiation levels in proportion to: two color Pyrometer with two wavelengths of .radiation is proportional to volume ratio. Infrared system: Infrared thermometer by the optical system, photoelectric detectors, signal amplifiers and signal processing, display the output. Optical system brings together its vision of infrared .radiation energy, field of view of the size of the thermometer of optical parts and its location. Infrared energy is focused in photoelectric detector and transformed into the corresponding signal. The signal amplifier and signal processing circuit, and in accordance with the instruments of the algorithm .and target neiliao emissivity correction after changes to the measured temperature value of the target. Select infrared thermometer can be divided into three areas: Performance indicators, such as temperature, spot size, working wavelength ., measurement accuracy, response time, etc; environmental and working conditions, such as the ambient temperature, window, display, and output, the protection of the annex, etc; other options, such as easy to use, maintenance and calibration of performance and .price, but also on the thermometer of choice to produce certain effects. As technology and constantly evolving, infrared thermometers best design and development provides users with a variety of functional and versatile instrument, broadened the choice. Determine the temperature .measuring range: Measuring range is the thermometer one of the most important performance indicators. If TIME (times), Raytek (Raytek) product range is-50 ° c-+ 30 ° c, but this is not a .type of infrared thermometer. Each type of thermometer has its own specific temperature range. Therefore, users of the measured temperature range should be considered accurate, comprehensive, neither too narrow, and not too wide. According to the law of blackbody radiation, in the .spectra of short wavelength radiation caused by temperature changes will exceed energy by emissivity errors are caused by changes of radiation energy, therefore, when you try to use temperature short is good. Determine the target size: < .br> Infrared thermometer in accordance with the principle can be divided into a monochrome thermometer and two color pyrometer (radiation colorimetric thermometer). For monochrome thermometer for temperature measuring in the target area being measured should be filled with thermometer field of view. Recommended that the .measured size of the target size more than 50% of the field as well. If the target size is less than the field of view, the background radiation energy will enter the thermometer of acoustic interference temperature readings are supported, resulting in errors. On the .contrary, if the target field is larger than the thermometer, thermometer is not affected by the measure the area outside the influence of the background. For Raytek (Raytek) two-color pyrometer, temperature is composed of two independent .of wavelength band radiation energy ratio. So when the measured goal is very small, no full-scene, measuring path on fumes, dust, blocking on radiation energy attenuation, will not affect the measurement results. Even energy attenuation up to 95% of cases ., will still be able to guarantee the required temperature measurement accuracy. For target small, and is in motion or vibration of goals; sometimes depending on venue motion, or may remove part of the target field, under these conditions, the use of two- .color thermometer is the best choice. If the thermometer and the destination is not possible to directly target, measuring channel bending, narrow, blocked etc., two-color fiber optic thermometer is the best choice. This is due to its diameter is small, .flexible, and can be bent, barrier and collapse of channel transmission light radiation energy, so you can measure difficult to access, conditions or toward the goal of the electromagnetic field. Determine the optical resolution (distance and sensitive) . Optical resolution by the ratio of D and S is determined, to the target temperature measurement of the distance between the measuring spot diameter D and S. If the thermometer as environmental conditions must be installed away from the target, but .also to measure small goals, you should select the high optical resolution of the thermometer. Optical resolution is higher, ie increase D: S ratio, thermometer, the higher the costs. Wavelength range: R> target materials emissivity and surface characteristics determine thermometer spectral response or wavelength. For high reflectivity alloy material, with low or changing emissivity. In the high temperature area, the best measurement of metals is the near-infrared wavelengths, .optional 0.18-φ1.0 .1 μm wavelength. Other temperature can choose 1.6 2.2 μ μ m, m and 3.9 .1 μm wavelength. Because some of the materials in a certain wavelength is transparent, infrared energy will penetrate these materials, such materials should choose .special wavelength. If the internal temperature measuring glass selection 10 μ μ m and 2.2 m and 3.9 μ m (measured to very thick glass, otherwise they will be) wavelength; measuring glass internal temperature selection | μ5.0 .1 μm wavelength; measuring low .District selection 8-14 .1 μm wavelength is appropriate; and if the measuring polyethylene plastic film selection 3.43 .1 μm wavelength, polyurethane vinegar chosen 4.3 μ m or 7.9 .1 μm wavelength. Thickness exceeding 0.4mm selection 8-14 .1 μm wavelength; and if .in the measurement of flame C02 using narrowband 4.24-4.3 .1 μm wavelength, log fire in the C0 with narrowband 4.64 .1 μm wavelength, measurement of flame in N02 used 4.47 .1 μm wavelength. Determine response time: Response time means infrared thermometer on the measured temperature change reaction speed, defined as reaching the final reading of 95% of the energy it takes time, and photoelectric detector and signal processing circuits and displays system time constant. New infrared thermometer up .to 1ms response time. This is not as simple as contacting temperature measurement method, which is much faster. If the target of the campaign quickly or measuring the target of rapid heating, to choose the quick response infrared thermometer, otherwise can not reach enough signal .response, will reduce the measurement precision. However, not all applications require quick response infrared thermometer. For static or target thermal process exists when the thermal inertia, the thermometer of response time to relax. Thus, the infrared thermometer response time to select and test .goals. Signal processing functions: Measurement of discrete process (such as a parts production) and continuous process, requiring infrared thermometer with signal processing functions (such as peak hold, Gu values, average .). If the temperature of the glass on the conveyor belt, going to keep using peak, its temperature of output signals transmitted to the controller. Environmental criteria into account: Thermometer environment conditions on .measurement results have great impact, should be taken into account, and an appropriate settlement affect the measuring accuracy even damage caused by the thermometer. When the ambient temperature is too high, the presence of dust, smoke and steam conditions, you can use vendor- .supplied protection kits, water cooling and air cooling system and air blowing machine and other attachments. These attachments can effectively address the environmental impact and to protect the thermometer for accurate temperature measurement. In determining the attachment, should, to the extent possible require standardized service .in order to reduce installation costs. When the smoke, dust or other particles reduce measuring energy signals, two color pyrometer is the best choice. Electromagnetic fields, noise, vibration or difficult to access environmental conditions, or other abusive conditions, fibre-color thermometer .is the best choice. In sealed or dangerous materials (such as containers or vacuum tank), thermometer observing through the window. Materials must be of sufficient strength and energy through the thermometer working wavelength range. To determine whether it .requires the operator through the window to observe, to select the appropriate installation position and window material, to avoid interaction. In low-temperature measurement applications, often using Ge or Si material as window, impermeable to visible light, the human eye cannot, through .observation of the target window. If an operator needs through window target, should use both through infrared radiation through visible light optical materials, such as the should use both through infrared radiation through visible light optical materials, such as the ZnSe or BaF2, etc. .as window material. Operation is simple and easy to use: Infrared thermometer should be intuitive, simple operation, easy to use by the operator, including a portable infrared thermometer is a thermometric and set .display output as one of the small, lightweight, conducted by the person carrying the instrument temperature measurement, in the display panel to display the temperature and output diverse temperature information, available through the remote control or via the computer software program. < .br> In environmental conditions and complex cases, you can select the measuring head and monitor the system separately, to facilitate the installation and configuration. To select the existing control device matching signal output form. Infrared radiation thermometer calibration: . Infrared thermometer calibration must pass in order to enable it to properly display the temperature of the measured object. If the thermometer in the use of a temperature variance that may be returned to the manufacturers or repair center calibration again. < .br> .

Weak current College】【room air-conditioning energy saving skills inventory.

With the rise of China's telecommunications industry, the growing communication network, due to the continuous operation of communication networks, as the room temperature and humidity control of equipment, machine room exclusively used air conditioner in the room equipment power consumption accounted for more .than 50% of the share, is a large energy-consuming. This is the advocate for the background of the room air-conditioning energy saving, the following I will see if you can start from what the purpose of achieving energy saving. First, the introduction of efficient room air conditioner efficiency is to energy The evolution from the engine room air conditioning, you can know that the engine room air conditioning efficiency has been improved. If the room air .-conditioning compressor seal from half to full sealed piston piston, then to the hermetic scroll-type, energy efficiency ratio increased 25%; therefore we now full close scroll compressor than the early 1980s of air-conditioning equipment to energy-saving 25%; .in addition, the air-conditioned indoor air supply system, fan motor direct energy than the fan belt, and vortex direct connect fan than the first two more energy, such as Eddy fan than belt drive to energy-saving 20% or more. < .br> 1. in order to save energy, the preferred high-efficiency compressor and blower. 2. analysis of the network of air conditioning equipment, energy-consuming older equipment recommendations. Second, the room .temperature and humidity settings for energy-saving control In meeting room technology to determine a reasonable value of temperature, humidity and ventilation rate, can reduce telecom costs, while extending the life of air conditioning equipment, is an important manifestation .of energy saving. Field testing by part of the room and found the room air-conditioning setting temperature increase of 1 ° c, could energy-saving 5% -12%. 1. consider telecom room air conditioner General is always in .a State of refrigeration, so set the temperature value higher, the more energy-efficient; 2. the priority of the temperature, the relaxation of humidity control standards, the according to the seasons, changes in humidity is set to a value .; such as the indoor relative humidity values in the summer may be appropriate to improve, reduce air conditioning dry time; winter room relative humidity values to minimize and reduce air humidification. On some level lower room, you can consider close air humidification and heating function .. 3. all equipment required for the room temperature to know he is a real friend, temperature control is not good reduces communication equipment life, it is best to use telecommunications equipment, selection of high-temperature resistance equipment. .4. not only is the most province, which belongs to the typical defensive energy, will not increase any cost, and energy-saving effect is clear. III. reduce all unnecessary loss Earlier .some room due to the design of an earlier, did not consider the room building energy efficiency, heat loss comparison of envelope, plus some building computer lab and office space when mixed, built to pursue building facade, the proportion of relatively large window wall, .and extensive use of glass curtain wall, these factors will increase the cooling load, causing the engine room air conditioning system. 1. communication building energy-saving design of the building to the engine room. Such as Windows and walls with thermal .insulation properties of materials. 2, in need of fresh air for cooling on the exterior of the season, the fewer the new amount of wind energy; therefore you want to make sure that the room's air leakage reduction Occlusive, and so fresh .air into the engine room. 4. replace the refrigerant will be energy-saving and environmental protection through to the end At present the room air-conditioning use R22 refrigerant is freon, pursuant to .the Montreal agreement will stop use by 2030. In recent years, the market replacements to Asia-azeotropic refrigerant, such as 407C, 418A, 410A (needs rework system), and environmental protection at the same time a certain energy saving effect. Replace new .type refrigerant, on the one hand reached on ozone layer protection requirements, on the other hand, in the reasonable adjustment air conditioning operation condition after new type refrigerant may be appropriate to reduce the air conditioning compressor running-current. 1. a .certain energy-saving effect, and manufacturers information. As a refrigerant, manufacturers data show: energy-saving effect in the 9% -15%; scene done energy conservation effect of 5% -8%, testers, test methods for energy saving effect .of differences lead to significant differences. 2, the actual procedure more cumbersome, refrigerant recovery, preferably by a professional staff to operate, the replacement costs are relatively high. 5. air energy control . We know, fan, pump class load, shaft power and speed is proportional to the cube, and when the blower, pump speed is reduced, the consumption of power is also greatly reduced. Therefore it is proposed to adopt fan adjustable, .such as Italy a brand air conditioning can change motor wiring mode to adjust the fan speed and pressure. 1, according to the engine room and air-conditioning of sensible heat than to choose a reasonable amount of wind. 2 .. energy-saving effect is not evident. VI. room air-conditioning condensing heat recovery Air conditioning in the refrigeration is excreted through the air cooled condenser, and a large amount of heat exhaust .temperature and condensing temperature between huge superheat consumes a substantial part of the condenser coil area, if the prior the heat removed, will be relatively more condensation area without increasing costs. You can increase the heat until the condenser collector to produce domestic hot water, through .a modification of the engine room air conditioning, the crew running the emission of large quantities of waste heat recovery and recycling, transformation is 30 ~ 65 ° c for domestic hot water. 1, on the one hand, reducing the emission of .air conditioner heat, summer can be very good to reduce condensation pressure, improve the efficiency of refrigeration and air conditioning to achieve energy-saving purposes; on the other hand, we get a free hot water, if you can supply an outside line persons bath .; comprehensive results than using the condenser simple use water spray effect. 2, need to be transformed to air-conditioning, equipped with water condenser will increase costs; winter cases difficult to control. 7. adjust .the air conditioning system operating best It is a good device, also without maintenance; the engine room air conditioning only run in the best conditions to play air conditioning for maximum cooling capacity to achieve the purpose of the air conditioning energy .saving. This is the maintenance of the highest of the means is the most effective and most important energy-saving, it is one of the ways we were fighting in the power status: an employee's ultimate goal. 1, maintain good air .conditioning, canVery good effective; maintenance of air conditioning energy consumption only. According to the information, periodic maintenance of air conditioning air-conditioning than does not maintain an average of 25 percent of energy saving in. 8. Add .friction for distinguished not discount This is a super Lube, can better improve the compressor running instances of the lubrication conditions, reduce the friction of the cylinder and the piston, especially the old compressor, lubrication improvement can reduce the compressor .running current to achieve energy-saving purposes. Some additives presented can also improve the efficiency of air-conditioning heat (inhibit pipe wall oil film formation). 1, adding convenience and general air conditioning maintenance personnel trained to master the methods of .operation. New air conditioning system and energy-saving effect is not obvious, but you can extend the service life of the compressor; life in the middle of the old air conditioner has a certain energy saving effect. 2. Add friction for .more convenient, but the price is very expensive additives. 9. close the alternate air conditioning not only most province In-room air conditioning energy to meet the requirements of part of the air conditioning .compressor will no longer work, and the air conditioning fan still continue to work, turn on the blower in continuous conveying air flow, the consumption of energy, so you can meet the room volume load and airflow circulation, close alternate air conditioning, energy saving .fan work. Number of room air-conditioning manufacturers have provided online hot backup and rotation function, you can use this feature off, standby tank air conditioning air-conditioning can be artificially closed. 1, the cost is low, as a .fan of long-running, close the alternate fan has a certain energy saving effect. 2. only available in the computer room air conditioning load smaller, rich has been preparing for machine room. 10, room .air-conditioning compressor adopting inverter technology Traditional machine room exclusively used air conditioner, relying on the compressor constantly "open," to adjust the room temperature; this method is the machine room exclusively used air conditioner compressor installation of frequency .converters, frequency converters to change the frequency of power supply, adjustable compressor compressor speed. Depending on how fast the compressor speed reaches the purpose of controlling the room temperature to avoid the frequent and stopping the compressor. 1. the use of the .frequency inverter to avoid the frequent and stopping the compressor, the compressor to prolong life and prevent computer room temperature fluctuations. 2. This approach, coupled with poor frequency converter, operation; inverter itself to consumption of electric energy, produces harmonics, .telecom room air-conditioning widely used N + 1 configuration, the result in energy-saving effect is not evident. 11. fresh energy-saving system makes full use of nature Fresh energy- .saving technologies of the basic approach is to: ensure the engine room environment, through the sensor real-time comparison engine temperature and humidity and temperature and humidity of the outside the room; when the outdoor temperature and humidity reached can make use of standards, the .introduction of new fans start to indoor outdoor fresh air, reducing air conditioning load even deactivate application outside for fresh air conditioning, cooling capacity, reach of energy saving, energy saving effect. 1. application of new energy-efficient technologies can greatly .reduce the energy consumption, is by far the most efficient air conditioning system and energy-saving measures. Such as Hangzhou region, you can use time high 210 days, North use time longer; in this way, energy-saving effect is clear, according .to the information portion of the House energy as high as 70 per cent. 2, for the introduction of fresh air, the wall openings, etc., on the construction and fire have a certain influence. .

Saturday, January 29, 2011

College】【weak power of the emergency elevator --- Power By 【China】 weak home network.

either power failure or malfunction caused by accident elevator stopped their ladders, fire protection system or because a fire is reported to the elevator landing, gave great inconvenience caused by ladder personnel and even the frightened passengers. .To this end, the following procedures should be strictly implemented to ensure the safety of passengers. .1, when the fire control system to report a fire caused when the elevator stopped, fire staff on duty should be calm and quickly identify the location and number of alarm points, telephone notification of security personnel on duty Jifu Live View, but with the intercom to remind passengers to remain calm. .When the scene confirmed that the fire must immediately notify the management office of personnel fire fighting and rescue and stop the lift operation. .If the system false alarm, as soon as possible to troubleshoot and restore the normal operation of the elevator. .2, the sudden power outage caused by the elevator or escalator to stop running their own fault, fire duty officer through the intercom to tell passengers should not panic, not any part of the body outside the car stuck, and then immediately notify the Engineering Department staff, under the floor lamp .direction or open the outer door look carefully to determine the location of the car, leave the car trapped in the rescue, before the lift off the power failure, as the case according to the following steps to release the trapped passengers. .(1) car parked near the location of the entrance hall staircase waiting, and the higher or lower than the floor no more than 0.5 meters, with a special key to open the outside door outside door, while the slow force open the car door, help passengers to safely leave .car, then the outer door shut. .(2) car parked away from the location of the entrance hall staircase Hou, if the car door in a semi-closed state, should be completely closed or open it first, and then by manually turning the car close to flat layers, the outer door with a special .key to open the car door to rescue the trapped people, then the outer door shut. .(3) manual drive car, for at least two and one hold on disc wheels, the other forced open the brake, release the brake every time, turning once, for intermittent operation. .If the car stopped on the top or bottom of pending staircase position above or below the door, should release the brake disc at the same time hold the wheel tight, turning the car with a human in the right direction, so after the car is strictly prohibited Brake .self-moving car. .(4) If the elevator stop for safety gear, manual drive vehicle can not force the window to rescue the stranded from the safety of passengers. .3, lift their own failure to rescue the trapped immediately after the overhaul of personnel, to identify causes of accidents and eliminate hidden dangers, if not self-study, must be notified as soon as the elevator maintenance professionals to troubleshoot and restore the normal operation of the elevator, and write an accident .Management Office submitted a written report to General Management..